The Role Of Audit Committees And Corporate Governance Accounting Essay

So as to better corporate organization, bookkeeping natural structures, showcase controllers and boards of trustees has suggested the readiness of review commissions. In 2001, after the inventive movement of Douala stock trade ( DSX ) , the Cameroon capital market approval mentioned every single recorded organization to set up review commissions. This overview centers around the capacity of review commissions and corporate organization in Cameroon recorded companies.Particularly, how review commissions works in a creating financial framework like Cameroon and how these examples can be contrasted and those in the western monetary frameworks each piece great as other rising financial frameworks, the relationship of review commissions with bearing, interior and outside hearers.The significant achievements and difficulties going up against review commissions. This review uncovered that AC in Cameroon are tested with inconsistent human asset limit, the mediation of the specialists and kiping investors each piece great the quick changing lawful and runing condition. Be that as it may, there has been a solitary advancement on the steadfastness of monetary portraying in this manner vouching financial specialist ‘s confirmation. Catchphrases ; Audit commissions, corporate organization, Cameroon, recorded organizations, bearing, inner listener, outside listener, OHADA ( association for harmonization of concern law in Africa ) , CMA ( capital market approval ) , Decision devising.Table of ContentDeclaration Acknowledgment Rundown of Figures Rundown of Abbreviations Rundown of Tables AbstractionChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background 1.3 Motivation 1.4 The study equitable and Questions 1.5 The study go 1.6 The limitations .7 The study constructionChapter 2 Conceptual model2.0 - IntroductionSection A ; Corporate Administration2.1-The Definitions of Corporate Governance 2.2-The Background of Corporate Governance 2.3-Corporate Governance Code 2.4 Corporate Administration system 2.5 Corporate organization Environment 2.6 The Development of the build of Corporate GovernanceSection B ; Audit Committee2.7 The Operationss of Audit Committees 2.7.1-The Charter 2.7.2 Composition of the commission 2.7.3 - Qualification and Experience 2.7.4-Meetings and Reports 2.8-The Relationship between Audit Committees, the bearing, inward listeners and outer listeners 2.9 The significant Accomplishments and Challenges standing up to Audit Committees. 2.10-Conclusion.Chapter 3 Theoretical Frameworks for Corporate organization and Audited accountCommittees3.1 debut 3.2 The Agency hypothesis 3.3 Evidence on battle of inclusion among investors and executives 3.3.1 Conflict over Compensation 3.3.2 Conflict on variegation and riches decrease contributing 3.3 the Stewardship hypothesis 3.3.1 Summary of the theoriesChapter 44.1 Corporate Governance issues in creating states. ( Cameroon ) 4.2 The legitimate and Regulatory model for Corporate organization of recorded organizations in Cameroon. 4.2.1The Role of Douala stock trade ( DSX ) 4..2.2-The Board of Directors 4..2.3 The Audit Committee 4.2.4-The Stockholders 4. 2.5.The Role of the Governance 4.3-The Actors of Corporate Governance ; Stockholders and Directors Part 5 Research Methodology 5.1 introduction 5.2 Questionnaire study 5.3 Administration of Questionnaires study 5.4 Responses of the survey study 5.5 Interview Survey 5.5 Administration of meeting studyChapter 66-Findings and Discussion 6.1-Operation of Audit Committees 6.2-Relationship of Audit commissions with course, inner and outer listeners 6.3-Accomplishments and ChallengesChapter 7, Conclusion, Refrences and AppendixChapter 1 Introduction1.1-IntroductionIn the previous two decennaries, there has been turning attendings on corporate organization outstandingly after the corporate surrender of high total compensation organizations known to man like the Enron and WorldCom. Corporate organization is currently a first request issue to a great extent in quite a while where organizations are controlled by ordering investors ( Albuquerue and Wang, 2008 ) and a major figure of organizations are trying to follow better corporate organization designs ( Garay and Gonzalez, 2008 ) .Traditionally, corporate organization is viewed as a mean by which organizations defend the open help of its moneymans, for example, its financial specialists, banks and loaners. Today, with the current downturn and planetary monetary hurt, issue of corporate organization designs in organizations and the elements of various commissions are been contemplated. Review commission is going the most generally utilized system to ensure great corporate organization in organizations ( Chen et al, 2008 ) .The review commission is a working commission of the organization ‘s leading group of directors that have some coincidence obligations, for example, the monetary inclusion, financial disclosure, outer listeners, inside evaluating each piece great as control. A decent figure corporate organization surveies has being done in evolved conditions of Europe, United areas of America and Japan ( Joshi and wakil,2004 ) .Very few surveies has being done and finished in less created countries.Tsamenyi, Enninful-Adu and Onumah ( 2007 ) sees that corporate organization surveies in less create states are constrained and are accessible only on single state balance. This overview attempts to connect the spread in front study by including more in our misgiving of the tasks of review commission and the significant achievements of review commissions in Cameroon. Moreover, old examination in creating states did non tended to the issue on how review commissions relate with the heading, interior listeners and outside hearers.In this study, we try to make full in this spread by look intoing on how review commissions in Cameroon recorded organizations relate with the bearing, inward listeners and outer hearers1.2 BackgroundJensen and Meckling ( 1976 ) characterized department relationship as an agreement under which at least one people ( directors ) connects with another ( specialist ) to apply a help for their benefit. Chiefs or operators are being appointed the day by day assurance concocting by investors. Executives are consequently accused of the obligations of using and ordering the house ‘s monetary resources.However the chiefs may non move ever to the investors best contribution because of unfavorable decision and good danger ( Anthony and Govindarajan,2007 ; 531 ) . In this manner, investors needs to manage executives exercises so as to ensure that they satisfy the commissariats of their agreements ( Goddard and Masters,2000 ) To evade bearing disappointments, Moldddoveanu and Martin ( 2001 ) contended that investors must appoint affirmation, checking each piece great as face ( wages and punishment ) instruments. Moldoveanu and Martin ( 2001 ) characterized affirmation systems as the devices utilized in formalizing the judgments of the specialist, in giving finishing up veto for an undertaking, order or the activity program of the operator. Observing instruments ( both continuous and separate checking ) are use to distinguish, record and to mensurate the finished result of the operator ‘s endeavors. Besides, endorsing instrument give particular wagess/or punishments to specialists for/or for non alining their endeavors with investors points or investors association. A decent figure of corporate organization surveies has being done in evolved conditions of Europe, United territories of America and Japan ( Joshi and wakil,2004 ) .Very few surveies has being done and finished in less created states.Tsamenyi, Enninful-Adu and Onumah ( 2007 ) sees that corporate organization surveies in less create states are restricted and are accessible simply on single state footing.1.3 MotivationProper corporate organization is an extremely basic instrument to recreate financial specialist ‘s affirmation, to augment the private area, and to energize monetary developing. It have been anticipated that â€Å" great organization of organizations will in the blink of an eye go as essential to the universe monetary framework as appropriate organization of single states. † Some individuals may consider this to be unreasonably right on time to hold, yet this expectation was proposed with grounds, if non obviously evident today, along these lines, is extremel y prone to be valid in the great beyond. The planetary acknowledgment of the effect of occasions sing corporate cultural untrustworthiness ‘s, for example, the monetary emergencies in Asia, the corporate soils known to man high overall gain organizations like Enron and WorldCom and the financial emergency in most African states in the last decennary.All these cases contrarily influenced the open help and the lives of numerous, for example, the representatives, the pensionaries, house ‘s leasers and loaners. These raised the squeezing interest for solid and productive statute of organizations what's more prompted dread in commercial centers, and a reducing in stock money related qualities. In most immature states, as in Africa, the affirmation of lost opportunities to activate financial assets in household and universal capital markets by means of good corporate organization took the association of most African Heads of State. This so roused the African Heads of State to incorporate great corporate organization as one of the four boss topical nations exposed to reevaluate under the African Peer Review Mechanism ( the APRM ) .The four chose nations incorporate, political organization and majority rules system, monetary organization and course, financial turn of events, and great corporate organization. The interest to intently administer the tasks of partnerships can be defended by the undermentioned two grounds ; - The expanding inclusion of the speculators in creating states to place in recorded organizations. - The Potential augmentations or losingss that depend on great heading of partnerships can be monetarily productive or financially annihilating1.4 Research point and QuestionsThe re

Black Holes Essays (1415 words) - Black Holes, White Hole

Dark Holes Dark Holes In the event that hypotheses of their reality are valid, dark gaps are the most impressive power in the known physical universe. Numerous individuals know about the term dark gap, however scarcely any individuals really know anything about them. A dark gap shapes because of a monstrous star coming up short on fuel to consume (Chaisson, 193). When the star is done applying outward power by consuming off gases, it starts to fall under it's own exceptional, internal gravity (Chaisson, 193). It resembles gradually letting the freshen up of an inflatable. When the star is compacted to a specific size, while it's mass, or weight, continues as before, it's gravity turns out to be amazing to such an extent that nothing can get away from it (Hawking, 87). This basic size to weight proportion is known as the Schwarzchild Radius (Hawking, 87). When a dark opening is made thusly, an imperceptible zone, or line around it exists. On the off chance that any item crosses this line, it can no longer get away from the gravitational power of the dark gap (Hawking, 87). This line is known as the occasion skyline (Hawking, 87). On the off chance that dark openings are demonstrated to exist, past hypothetical material science, at that point they would presumably be an exceptionally normal irregularity in this universe. In 1915, Albert Einstein set forth the primary genuine recommendation of such a peculiarity in his Theory of Relativity (Bunn, Black Holes FAQ). During the 1930s, three physicists, specialists Volkoff, Snyder and Oppenheimer, had the option to demonstrate the legitimacy of dark openings scientifically. From that point forward, dark openings have become a significant and fundamental piece of science and the over all comprehension of the universe. It has been demonstrated, scientifically, that dark openings have limitless, gravity based, get away from speeds and a monstrous impact on light, time and even the very texture of room. All bodies in space have gravity. As indicated by Einstein's Theory of Relativity, this is on the grounds that bodies with a huge mass, or weight, really twist space (Chaisson, 77). For instance, if a two dimensional sheet of fabric, extended and suspended at four corners, speaks to space, and a bowling ball is put in the inside, the sheet will twist descending. On the off chance that a golf ball is, at that point set at the edge of the sheet and permitted to move unreservedly it will be pulled in toward the bowling ball, except if the golf ball is going at a speed sufficiently extraordinary to not be affected by the bend. This basic speed is known as a getaway speed. This is the speed at which an item should go to get away from a body's gravitational power (Chaisson, 77). In the event that a body is compacted, with the end goal that it's weight remains the equivalent yet it's sweep, or size, decreases, it's getaway speed increments in equal (Chaisson, 196). The straightforward recipe for this, in material science, expresses that a body's break speed is equivalent to its square base mass, par titioned by it's sweep (Chaisson, 77). For instance, if a weight's is 200, and it's size is twelve and one a large portion of, the departure speed would be four. In the event that the size of a similar body is decreased to two, while it's mass stayed at 200, the departure speed increments to ten. Since a dark opening's size is continually diminishing and it's weight is consistently the equivalent, the getaway speed is unbounded (Chaisson, 195). This implies nothing can get away from a dark gap past the occasion skyline, not light. Light is comprised of waves and particles. It was found, in 1676, by Danish cosmologist, Ole Christenson, that light goes at a high, however limited speed (Hawking, 18). These properties of light oversee that it must be liable to powers of nature, for example, gravity. Light goes at such a high speed that it isn't noticeably affected by gravity, except if that gravity is extremely solid. A dark opening's gravity is incredible enough to trap light since it's departure speed, being unbounded, surpasses the speed of light (Hawking, 82). This is the reason a dark gap is dark. When light crosses the occasion skyline it is brought into the opening in space. In spite of the fact that the light is as yet hitting objects, it can't skip off to show their reality to a spectator, therefor the dark gap shows up

Essay --

Smithsonian Digital Libraries gave different materials to its client which are Databases, Exhibitions and Collections. These materials are extremely valuable to specialists as it give precise and solid data. Other than that, it likewise gives the assortment of online books extend from Art, History and Culture. Database is an assortment of information to look through materials without any problem. Smithsonian Digital Libraries gives databases, for example, Taxonomic Literature II which are a particular manual for herbal distributions and assortments with dates, editorials and types. Likewise, other accessible database is Smithsonian Research Online that ordered a lot of administrations to the examination network both inside and outside the Smithsonian Institution. Different instances of databases accessible are recorded as beneath. †¢ Example of Databases in Smithsonian Digital Libraries: o Taxonomic Literature II o Smithsonian Research Online o Index Animalium o Trade Literature Through shows in Smithsonian Digital Libraries empower clients to investigate the rich assortment of points, pictures and materials highlighted in online presentation. Then again, the present presentation permits clients to see the showcase of the most recent displays as the date and area are being expressed. Other than that, National Museum of American History keepers made the board to offer clients with multiplications of the world’s most noteworthy pieces, for example, delineations from uncommon books and report from the voyaging display segment. †¢ Examples of Exhibitions in Smithsonian Digital Libraries: o Online Exhibition o Current Exhibition o Travelling Exhibition o Library and Archival Exhibitions on the Web Smithsonian Digital Libraries run from different kind of assortment. One of the assortments is Caldwe... ...for its clients. For instructive purposes, client can without much of a stretch access through the three principle sort of assortment that have been given. Specialists and researcher are being flexibly with ebb and flow periodicals and expert society distributions. Likewise, with the presence of online books, client will get a similar data as the printed book. Then again, client can likewise see the show on fascinating point as Smithsonian Digital Libraries offers different kind of presentation, for example, on the web and travel display. There are no messed up joins in this advanced library. †¢ Link All the recorded hyperlinks in Smithsonian Digital Libraries are well-working as it takes client to the precise data. The connection contains in this library were include just inward connection. For instance, if client taps on both of the connection, the tab will be open through a similar page.

God Is Not a Fish Inspector Essays

God Is Not a Fish Inspector Essays God Is Not a Fish Inspector Paper God Is Not a Fish Inspector Paper Maturing is a characteristic piece of life, as people we age each day. As we age we become feeble and our psyches and bodies begin to work more slow. In the story â€Å"God isn't a Fish Inspector,† Fusi is resolved to live how he needs, without the obstruction of others. Fusi doesn't need his opportunity to be detracted from him and he wouldn't like to simply sit tight for death. Fusi has various kinds of contention with two of the fundamental characters: his little girl, Emma, who needs to rebuff him for being old, and the fish monitors, who have removed his angling permit because of mature age. Above all else Fusi has strife with himself since he wouldn't like to be placed into a seniors home. Emma and her significant other are requesting towards Fusi and they attempt to incite his assurance by saying that they just have the best aims for him, yet in all actuality, he comprehends that she just needs him out of her life with the goal that she can pick up the house, every one of his assets and not need to deal with him. â€Å"God will rebuff you,† she guarantees. Emma says this concerning him going angling alone toward the beginning of the day with his age and medical issues. : She imagines that he ought to be placed in the home over the road since he is 70-years of age and slight, however Fusi is resolved not to wind up there. The fish examiners have removed Fusi’s angling permit due to mature age. In spite of the fact that, Fusi keeps on angling, believing that he is too tricky to even think about being gotten by the monitors when he goes to recover his nets and fish in the first part of the day. The auditors know about Fusis every day exercises so they don't fine, or approach him since they accept that no damage can emerge out of what he is doing. Subsequently, Fusi turns out to be considerably increasingly resolved to not surrender to his inescapable destiny, and attempts to deflect his unavoidable maturing process. Fusi has an amazing assurance which is impacted by the old residents in his locale. The old individuals strengthen Fusi’s character through their ordinary way of life. He sees their daily practice and understands that he wouldn't like to resemble them. He wouldn't like to trust that demise will come. They are bound to a senior home where rules and guidelines are constrained upon them. The opportunity of doing eating and in any event, dozing whenever they need is removed and another routine replaces their previous propensities. For a long time Fusi has carried a bundle of fish to the senior’s home, he expresses that he is bringing it for the â€Å"old individuals. † When Fusi sees a senior man named Jimmy, he discloses to Rosie that he won't resemble him. He accepts that Jimmy has surrendered at a youthful age. â€Å"You surrender, you’re going to kick the bucket. You have confidence in yourself, and you can keep directly on going†.

Social Issue Topics For E-zine Articles

Social Issue Topics For E-zine ArticlesEffective social issue topics are easy to find when you search for them. They include such issues as child abuse, bullying, murder, rape, suicide, etc.A very important point to remember is that you should not have your articles or blog posts about controversial topics containing this kind of content. This can get you in a lot of trouble and you may even get a bad reputation from the people on the internet. If you put too much emphasis on your keywords, your articles will get good search engine rankings and will draw a high number of viewers.There are many article directories and they also have a social issue category where you can submit your articles. It is also important to provide information about the social issue you are talking about. Provide tips on how to deal with it or other steps to take. Readers will appreciate this and it will help them get to know more about the topic.Your articles for social issue topic should be written to be con cise and not long drawn articles with lengthy explanations. You may want to write short paragraphs for more attention to your readers.You may be able to find some interesting articles on social issue topic in books, magazines, newspapers, online and so on. The best article about a topic that you can write about is one that talks about what the topic means to you personally. Do not forget to give the readers tips on how to deal with the issue.Link Building can be challenging and hard sometimes but it is also one of the most effective ways to drive traffic to your site. It does not require a lot of effort and there are ways to make the link building process easier for you.One way is to use Google AdWords. Google AdWords is a means of inserting your AdSense ads on your web page to promote a product or service of yours. You will get targeted traffic from these ads and may just end up making some good profits.Article marketing is a very powerful method to promote your articles. Article m arketing is also done through article submission sites, the use of which will benefit both parties. Make sure that your articles are interesting and provide good information.

Describe Chinese Calliography Essay - 275 Words

Describe Chinese Calliography Essay (Essay Sample) Content: Name:Chinese calligraphyProfessor Course:DateIntroductionMy interest as an arts student as always revolved around getting a deeper understanding of the origin of the art of writing in different cultures. One art of writing which caught my attention throughout the research was the Chinese art of writing usually called the Chinese calligraphy. This research aims at identifying the origin of Chinese calligraphy, the initiators and its development till it became part and purse of the Chinese culture. By completing this research, I will have better understanding ofChinesecalligraphyand also get to learn the techniques involved in this form of writing.BackgroundCalligraphy is a form of writing which involves the use of symbols to relay information. People consider the art of calligraphy as a useless tradition in the modern society, but the uniqueness and clearness of the Chinese calligraphy disapproves all the misunderstanding about calligraphy (Skopec 2003).China is known for the beautiful architecture and its diverse intellectual background, but Chinese calligraphy always stands out in this pool of beauty and intellectual prestige (Skopec 2003). When I was first introduced to calligraphy, I considered this art as old-fashioned culture being practiced in the modern world, but these misleading thoughts faded once I came to understand the classical Chinese calligraphy (Maggie 2002).Chinese calligraphy is one of the tradition modes of writing practiced in the eighteenth century that can be translated and is being embraced in the modern world specifically in china. This form of writing was brought about by the ancient Chinese scholars who used it as a form of written communication. This mode of communication was passed to generation and was further developed to form the modern Chinese calligraphy used in China (Brock 2002).HistoryThe history of the development of Chinese calligraphy involves several stages, but initially the style of writing was determi ned by the functional requirement though artistic concerns were a great determinant when coming up with Chinese calligraphy. This form of writing has come to be a means through which people express themselves artistically worldwide and is celebrated due to its unique artistic creativity. Chinese calligraphy went through the following stages during its development to the modern Chinese written mode of communication.Greater seal scriptThis type of calligraphy was the first type of Chinese Calligraphy to be discovered during the Shang and Zhou Dynasty (1600-256 BC). The characters of the great script were invented by Cang Jie after he was directed by Huangdi who was the Chinese emperor then. Since its discovery, the great seal script was used in china until the third century BC. Evidence of the high seal script is encrypted on bronze wares used during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and they are used as political events symbols in china (Brock 2002).The Lesser ScriptThis is the form of c alligraphy which was developed after the great seal script and was developed between 259BC and 210BC during the reign of Shi Huangdi established the authority to rule china and its provinces. The lesser script was developed as an improved version of the great seal, and it was used by Shi Huangdi to standardize the medium of communication across china which would not be possible with the high sea script which was only being used by the Qin emperor.The lesser script is also called Xiao Zhuan and is made up of simplified and standardized forms of calligraphy since it was developed to be used by the six states of Chinese emperor. Evidence of the lesser script is found on stone inscriptions on mount Tai, Strips of Bamboo at Yunmeng, inscriptions of stone drums and on the stealer of the Qin dynasty.Clerical script/LishuThis form of calligraphy was developed during the Qin dynasty as a result of the cumbersomeness involved when using the lesser script for government orders. This implies th at the clerical scripts were developed mainly to simply the workload and reduce the time taken to complete government orders. The clerical script was made the official form of was made the official form of writing in china during Han dynasty. The clerical script was generally used for monumental stelae engagement hence served as a great replacement to the seal script. Transformation of Chinese writing styles or calligraphy was brought about by the use of the Chinese brush developed during the Han dynasty (Brock 2002).This led to the development of a more advanced form of clerical script. Clerical script is mainly found on bamboo, wooden strips and on fragments of silk which are believed to have been used during the Han dynasty. This form of calligraphy is also found on steles ritual vessels.Running and Cursive scriptThese scripts were developed as a modification of the clerical script which entailed the development of the stelae style used by the northern dynasty of china and the ma nuscript used by the southern dynasty. The development of the running script occurred during Wei and Jin who were the governors of the Northern and southern dynasties respectively. The running and cursive scripts contributed greatly in the development of the modern script used in the modern Chinese writing; this involves the use a balanced structure in the form of a square to acquire a perfect calligraphic shape. The regular script was used by the people of the northern dynasty to engrave stelae though some clerical script is may also be identified on the stelae. The high calligrapher who brought about the cursive script was called Wang Xizhi and he mainly used calligraphy as a means of expression rather than writing. The use cursive and running scripts are evident on the wood and stones believed to be used by the northern and southern dynasties (Neuenschwander 1993).The Cradle of Regular and Cursive scriptThe introduction of the Chinese brush in earlier dynasties made it easier for calligraphers to create more artistic and developed forms of scripts during the Tang dynasty. This was made possible by the urge of calligraphers to develop more creative styles. The following calligraphers existed during the Tang dynasty: Ouyang Xun (557 641), Yu Shinan (558 638), Chu Suiliang (596 658), Yan Zhenqing (709 785) and Liu Gongquan (778 865). The calligraphers developed the fine regular script whose principles have been used to develop other scripts (Neuenschwander 1993).Personal creative scriptsDuring the Song dynasty, most calligraphers took a personalized initiative in developed more personal styles which were used to expressed the behavior and nature of their surrounding. These calligraphers brought about the romantic and more liberated style and mostly called the song calligraphers. The following calligraphers established themselves during themselves in the calligraphic world by deviating from the restricted rules of the tang calligraphic styles which brough t about creativity in the Chinese calligraphy. The calligraphers are Su Shi (1036 1101), Huang Xingjian (1045 1105) and Mi Fu (1051 1107) (Neuenschwander 1993).Revival of ancient stylesMengfu of Yuan dynasty and Dong of the Ming dynasty reversed the creativity of the calligraphers of Song dynasty and engaged into a deeper understanding of the ancient Jin and Tang calligraphic rules. This enabled calligraphers to have a greater understanding of the art of calligraphy by incorporating their creative personal calligraphy into the traditional tang rules which brought about the golden age of tie-school.Stelae School of CalligraphyCalligraphers of the Qing dynasty developed more interest in learning from stelae wares, which rejuvenated the art of the ancient seal scripts and other traditional calligraphic arts. This interest by calligraphers to study the ancient clerical and seal scripts paved way to the development of the stelae school of calligraphy which is being taught in modern Ch ina (DiNucci 1996).New Approaches to Chinese calligraphyChinese calligraphy, just like other ancient discoveries in other cultures has come under great threat by development of modern instruments, which are meant to meet the demands of the modern society. Modern calligraphers use the following instruments in their calligraphic designs which tend to simplify the art of traditional designs:I. Computer aided designsII. Ball-penIII. Fountain-penThe above named instruments are easily portable and less time consuming as compared to the following traditional tools of calligraphy;I. The traditional brushII. Ink-stickIII. Ink-stone.The modern education system is diverse such that the students do not specialize on calligraphy only but are trained on other aspects of life, which contradicts the traditional Chinese methods of teaching where the students would be trained purely on calligraphy. The modern system of education tends to diminish the creativity and passion through which the ancient c alligraphers used to come up with excellent pieces of work hence the survival of original calli...

Leslie Sponsels Approach to Investigation of the Amazon...

Leslie Sponsel takes a remarkably sensible approach to certain academic controversies over anthropological investigation of the Amazon Basin. To some degree, Sponsels article demands to be understood in a larger context within the overall ecosystem of academic anthropology, so to speak. As indicated in the title of her article, Sponsel approaches the subject with a special focus on adaptation, which necessarily implies changing conditions. As she notes in her introductory remarks: For convenience the review is organized around the following domains: ecosystem, cultural system, change, and research trends and needs. An ecosystem is composed of abiotic and biotic components which interact through the flow of energy, matter, and information, and all of this varies in space and time. (67) It is here that a reader in 2012 gets a glimpse of the much larger context. At the time of Sponsels writing in 1986, an ecological approach that included the flow of ¦information which varies in space and time appears remarkable prescient, considering that in the three decades that have passed since the articles original publication, Sponsels own culture has undergone a complete technological revolution in flow of ¦information: the Internet, the cellular telephone, the personal computer were all in their infancy. This may seem like a minor point, but it indicates the fundamental validity of Sponsels approach: the contentious battles over theory between anthropologists like

Sex Trafficking And The United States - 1405 Words

The International Labor Organization estimated that there were 4.5 million victims trapped in forced sexual exploitation, or sex trafficking, globally. Most would believe that this is a problem that does not occur in the United States, but they would be wrong. In 2007 alone, 14,588 sex trafficking cases were reported in the United States and the problem is only getting worse. This research paper will discuss multiple topics such as the definition of sex trafficking, recruitment and those at risk, where it occurs, organizations, consequences, a healthcare provider’s role and a study on the attitudes of the public. The objective is to bring light to this problem and educate those who are reading (Polaris Project, 2016). Two definitions that are important to the topic of sex trafficking are what sex trafficking is and what a commercial sex act is. Sex trafficking is defined as when someone uses force, fraud or coercion to cause a commercial sex act with an adult or causes a mino r to commit a commercial sex act. A commercial sex act is defined as prostitution, pornography and sexual performance done in exchange for any item of value, such as money, drugs, shelter, food or clothes (Shared Hope International, 2016). Sex trafficking is considered a form of modern slavery. Under federal law, anyone under the age of eighteen that is persuaded into a commercial sex act is considered a victim of sex trafficking, whether it was forced or not (Polaris Project, 2016). There are threeShow MoreRelatedSex Trafficking And The United States1672 Words   |  7 Pageshuman sex trafficking, they think of heinous acts that take place in other countries where adults, children, girls and boys are exploited to perform sexual acts in exchange for money or goods against their will. They think it typically occurs in places that are less developed than the United States. However, the reality of this horrific crime is that it is taking place in the United States, and it occurs mor e and more each and every day. Young girls are not solely the victim of human sex traffickingRead MoreSex Trafficking And The United States1158 Words   |  5 Pagesprominent problem in my hometown, which was Sex Trafficking (ST). Coming from Houston, Texas, Sex Trafficking is one of the major hubs in the United States. Houston’s main highway I - 10 is the main road used to travel these victims to state lines to get them out of the country. A better definition of sex trafficking is when someone uses force, fraud or coercion to cause a commercial sex act with an adult or cause a minor to commit a commercial sex act. A commercial sex act is a list of things known as prostitutionRead MoreSex Trafficking Within The United States1355 Words   |  6 PagesBetween 14,500 and 17,500 victims are trafficked into the United States annually, and often, the average age of entry is thirteen to fourteen years old (Hodge, 2008). One victim recalls that her pimp, a man who controls sex wor kers and keeps the earnings, would take her and two other girls from the ninth grade out of school during lunchtime, have them do calls, and bring them back. She explains, â€Å"He knew how to read each girl—this one likes to party, that one needs a job, this one wants drugs.† ByRead MoreSex Trafficking Throughout The United States2098 Words   |  9 PagesSex Trafficking Introduction: When looking for topics to research I wanted to do something that was a prominent problem in my hometown, which was Sex Trafficking (ST). Coming from Houston, Texas, Sex Trafficking has the 2nd largest home in Houston. The main highway I - 10 is the main road used to travel these victims to state lines to get them out of the country. A better definition of sex trafficking is when someone uses force, fraud or coercion to cause a commercial sex act with an adult or causeRead MoreDomestic Human Sex Trafficking in the United States1300 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Human Sex Trafficking in the United States Human sex trafficking and its sister category, Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking also referred to as DMST, (Kotrla,K. 2010) is the most common form of modern day slavery. In the United States there are an estimated 293,000 youth who fall under high risk factor or DMST (Walker-Rodriguez, A. Hill, R. 2011). Many men prey on the at risk youth to make a fortune for themselves. DMST exposes the youth to a life filled with violence, abuse that is bothRead MoreEssay on The New Slave: Sex Trafficking in America910 Words   |  4 PagesThe New Slaves: Sex Trafficking in America When most Americans hear the term ‘sex trafficking’ thoughts of helpless women and children in poor, developing, countries come to mind. However, most Americans would be downright shocked and dismayed to learn that many victims of sex trafficking reside right here in the United States. Moreover, many of the victims of sex trafficking in America were victimized by other Americans. This is a pressing national issue to which neither small, rural towns or largeRead MoreProstitution, The Act Of Prostitution1324 Words   |  6 Pages Prostitution, the act of â€Å"providing or receiving sexual acts, between a prostitute and a client, in exchange for money or some other form of remuneration† (Hock 557). The idea of exchanging sex for valuables has been seen since the beginning of human society; the first reported data about prostitution was reported around 3000 B.C.E in one of the first known civilizations, Mesopotamia (Caraboi and Fierbinteanu 362). Also, prostitution is often referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession.† TodayRead MoreVictims of Trafficking Protection Act Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesfeature to the VTVPA is that the United States will penalize countries if they do not comply with the VTVPA (Holman, 2009). This is an imperative feature and I think that it should be implemented throughout every single piece of legislation that deals with trafficking. Countries should be held accountable if they do not comply. The only way that sex trafficking can be officially over is if every single country complies with all the legislation. The United States looks at six different factors whenRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Sex Trafficking1199 Words   |  5 PagesChild Sex Trafficking Have you ever walked into Wal-Mart and taken the time to look at the numerous pictures of missing youth that is plastered on the wall? When looking at how long they have been missing, it ranges anywhere from months to years. Looking at their age, both boys and girls, it is hard not to wonder if these kids are being trafficked. Child sex trafficking, also known as human trafficking, is a major issue that is not only plaguing the United States, but the world. ResidingRead MoreSex Trafficking : A Common Issue For A Long Time1394 Words   |  6 Pages Sex trafficking can happen everywhere. People do not even realize when it is happening. Someone could be living their life, just as they normally do, and decided to go to the mall. Sometimes they may not even know that a little kid is going to be kidnapped, and later raped. This is what sex trafficking is. Sex trafficking is commonly defined as when violence, drugs, lies, or any other form of coercion is used to force another perso n to have sex against their will. (Sex Trafficking in the U.S, 1)

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Competence

The term linguistic competence refers to the unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language. Also known as grammatical competence or I-language.  Contrast with linguistic performance. As used by Noam Chomsky and other linguists, linguistic competence is not an evaluative term. Rather, it refers to the innate linguistic knowledge that allows a person to match sounds and meanings. In  Aspects of the Theory of Syntax  (1965), Chomsky wrote, We thus make a fundamental distinction between competence  (the speaker-hearers knowledge of his language) and performance  (the actual use of language in concrete situations). Examples and Observations Linguistic competence constitutes knowledge of language, but that knowledge is tacit, implicit. This means that people do not have conscious access to the principles and rules that govern the combination of sounds, words, and sentences; however, they do recognize when those rules and principles have been violated. . . . For example, when a person judges that the sentence John said that Jane helped himself is ungrammatical, it is because the person has tacit knowledge of the grammatical principle that reflexive pronouns must refer to an NP in the same clause. (Eva M. Fernandez and Helen Smith Cairns, Fundamentals of Psycholinguistics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Linguistic Competence and Linguistic Performance In [Noam] Chomskys theory, our linguistic competence is our unconscious knowledge of languages and is similar in some ways to [Ferdinand de] Saussures concept of langue, the organizing principles of a language. What we actually produce as utterances is similar to Saussures parole, and is called linguistic performance. The difference between linguistic competence and linguistic performance can be illustrated by slips of the tongue, such as noble tons of soil for noble sons of toil. Uttering such a slip doesnt mean that we dont know English but rather that weve simply made a mistake because we were tired, distracted, or whatever. Such errors also arent evidence that you are (assuming you are a native speaker) a poor English speaker or that you dont know English as well as someone else does. It means that linguistic performance is different from linguistic competence. When we say that someone is a better speaker than someone else (Martin Luther King, Jr., for example, was a terrific ora tor, much better than you might be), these judgements tell us about performance, not competence. Native speakers of a language, whether they are famous public speakers or not, dont know the language any better than any other speaker in terms of linguistic competence. (Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone. Wadsworth, 2010) Two language users may have the same program for carrying out specific tasks of production and recognition, but differ in their ability to apply it because of exogenous differences (such as short-term memory capacity). The two are accordingly equally language-competent but not necessarily equally adept at making use of their competence. The linguistic competence of a human being should accordingly be identified with that individuals internalized program for production and recognition. While many linguists would identify the study of this program with the study of performance rather than competence, it should be clear that this identification is mistaken since we have deliberately abstracted away from any consideration of what happens when a language user actually attempts to put the program to use. A major goal of the psychology of language is to construct a viable hypothesis as to the structure of this program . . .. (Michael B. Kac, Grammars and Grammaticality. John Benjamins, 1992)

Essay on The Enviromental Affects on Terrorism - 1121 Words

The Enviromental Affects on Terrorism The FBI defines three types of terrorists: (1) a leader with a strong commitment to their groups belief system; (2) an activist operator who often has a criminal background and implements their groups agenda; and (3) an idealist who finds a sense of purpose in his commitment to their group. (Kressel, 82) In the field of psychology, it is the psychologists duty to try to come up with theories or correlations, which help people group and identify terrorist or terroristic behavior, quickly and consistantly. There are many common assumptions about the common terrorist, but there are no true or definite catagories to place them in. A terrorist is formed by his environment either through ways of†¦show more content†¦Commercials suggest that drinking a certain beverage or using a particular hair shampoo will make us popular and win the admiration of attractive people. Depending upon the component processes involved, we try to model the behavior shown in the commercial and buy the product being advertised. By looking at Banduras Social Learning Theory as it relates to terrorists and their activity, it shows that if a person sees a terroristic attack on television and the controversy it causes and the so called fame that the terrorist recieves he or she may learn that behavior. Criminologist Edwin H. Sutherlands theory of Differential Association states that criminal behavior is leaned behavior and learned via social interaction. He based his theory upon the work of Shaw and McKay, Chicago school theorists. He drew upon three major theories from the Chicago School to formulate his theory. These included the ecological and cultural transmission theory, symbolic interactionism, and culture conflict. He explained varying crime rates by the culture conflict approach and the process by which individuals became criminal was expressed by the symbolic interactionism approach. These helped him form his theory with an attempt to explain not only indivudual cri minal behavior but also the behavior of societal groups, such as the Muslim Extremists. In his findings Sutherland came to the conclusion that patterns in associationShow MoreRelatedHow the Macroeconomic Environment of the Airline Industry Affects the Strategic Decision of Boing vs Airbus8450 Words   |  34 PagesChristian Uwagwuna How the Macroeconomic Environment of the Airline Industry Affects the Strategic Decision of Boing Vs Airbus A Case Study Document Nr. V170506 http://www.grin.com/ ISBN 978-3-640-89394-2 9 783640 893942 ‘Case Study – How the Macroeconomic Environment of the Airlines Industry Affects the Strategic Decision of Boeing Vs Airbus’ By Christian Uwagwuna Course: Strategic Management 27 January 2011 Executive Summary This paper discusses the external economic

Essay on William Shakespeares Authenticity - 3166 Words

William Shakespeares Authenticity Over the past several centuries, many scholars have been debating the authenticity of Shakespeare and his works. Many books have even been published questioning if the legendary playwright from Stratford is the author of his many plays and poems. This theory still remains as a possibility today and much of the evidence stems from Shakespeare’s great literary achievements, his humble beginnings, his inadequate education and the missing chapters in his life. Throughout his writings, there is evidence of similarities between the language and literature of the time period with subjects such as law, history, politics and geography as well as manners and knowledge of the courts which would†¦show more content†¦The day to day life of the author was ordinary. He was a hard-working, middle-class man that made good money and took care of his family. Such a basic lifestyle has led many to believe that this ordinary man could not have written these extremely passionate and thought-provoking works. No one surrounding Shakespeare ever commented on his greatness and that a man with such little education could not have known about the aristocratic nature of the upper class. However, some men such as Meres and Jonson did see him as a respectable gentleman and a talented writer. This argues the fact that a simple Stratford boy could have become a literary icon simply because of his genius and that his knowledge might not have been obtained in a school and wasn’t simply learned. His genius might have been applied by making accurate observations on everyday life. It is also important to remember that many great authors had even less schooling. Bacon, though, has been one of the candidates for the true authorship of Shakespeare’s works due to references made to the Bible, the law and other classics. In the 19th century, a search was conducted to find hidden messages within the text of the works. For example, in Love’s Labour’s Lost, the Latin word, ‘honorificabilitudinitatibus’ is actually an anagram for â€Å"Hi ludi F. Baconis nati tuiti orbi† which translates to, â€Å"These plays, the offspring of F.Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1696 Words   |  7 Pageswith references to William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet as a notable representation of genuine hetero love. This theory intends to dig all the more profoundly into the issues of affection and sexuality in the play and investigate its inconspicuous underlying topics of homoeroticism and hazardous heterosexuality through a dissection of the film adjustments of Romeo and Juliet from the re cent twentieth-century: Franco Zeffirelli‟s 1968 Romeo and Juliet and Baz Luhrmann‟s 1996 William Shakespeare s RomeoRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pageswith the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their love in the beginning borders upon a reality of maturity and immaturity, eventually becoming something of authenticity. Themes running throughout the play address the issues and consequences of immature blind passion, hatred, and prejudice. William Shakespeare was rumored to have been born on April 23 1564; however, the preciseRead More Colonial Canadian Shakespeare1530 Words   |  7 Pagesin relation to Canada’s colonial history. The Stratford Festival, whose mandate is to â€Å"produce, to the highest standards possible, the best works of theatre in the classical and contemporary repertoire, with 2 special emphasis on the works of William Shakespeare†, has become the place in Canada to see productions of Shakespeare. As Czarnecki notes in his essay, in a country such as Canada there are immense obstacles before the creation of â€Å"a national theatre accessible to audiences across theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare1735 Words   |  7 Pagesname? Would not a rose by any other name smell as sweet?† William Shakespeare, a name we have all heard at some point, but who is he? William Shakespeare, the man who has influenced our culture through his various literary works. 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According to Dobson, reasons for doubting that William Shakespeare was in fact the author of his works include theories that he lacked the education, aristocratic awareness, or familiarity with the royal court that is said to be apparent in the works (Dobson, 2001Read MorePerfect Idealism In Shakespeares Hamlet1631 Words   |  7 Pagesdepicts the many uncertainties in our lives that sometimes make us fail to act appropriately like the case of Hamlet. 2. Mosley, Joseph Scott. The Dilemma of Shakespearean Sonship: An Analysis of Paternal Models of Authority and Filial Duty in Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Diss. 2017. Similarly, this article discusses the theme of the complexity of action. This play depicts of how at times the decision to act is usually influenced not only by coherent considerations, like the need for inevitability but alsoRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet And Franco Zeffireli s Film Version Of The Story1216 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Franco Zeffireli’s film version of the story are different in many ways, but the basic characters and basic plot remain the same. Franco Zeffirelli’s screenplay is an edited, re-vamped version of the original tragedy in which lines are cut and scenes are modified. Additionally, Zeffirelli modifies Shakespeare’s ghost scenes and uses narrative and film techniques to both create an overall suspenseful atmosphere and generate empathetic feelings towards Hamlet. TheRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Film Analysis1647 Words   |  7 PagesRomeo Juliet. Lehmann, Courtney. â€Å"Strictly Shakespeare? Dead Letters, Ghostly Fathers, and the Cultural Pathology of Authorship in Baz Luhrmann s ‘William Shakespeare s Romeo + Juliet.† Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 52, no. 2, 2001, pp. 189–221. Web. 22 May 2017. 1. In this article by Courtney Lehmann, She takes a close look at Baz Lurhmann’s William Shakespeare s Romeo + Juliet and discusses how exactly this film is classified as an early modern to postmodern adaption of Romeo Juliet. In thisRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Love Essay1160 Words   |  5 Pageshave. Additionally, there is also familial and neighborly love. However, as great as love is, the authenticity of it is what discombobulates many. Love may be the feeling that is life sustaining, but at the same time, it can also be life threatening. Humans are vulnerable to fall into an untruthful love due to the fact that we fantasize over the thought of being in love. Through William Shakespeare’s tragic play, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet,† a fabricated false love is manifested. Thus, the star crossed loversRead MoreHamlet And The Basic Human Need For Truth1478 Words   |  6 Pagessaying, â€Å"Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. Everything we see is a perspec tive, not the truth.† This idea is examined in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, a play full of warmly delivered lies and completely intentional deceit. Hamlet himself shows how a life full of lies and deceit breeds a desire for something real. In the beginning of the play, authenticity is introduced as a rare trait and the Ghost reveals treachery to Hamlet setting him on a path that leads to his demise. Hamlet’s actions

Street Food In South Korea Essay free essay sample

Exploring the South Korean Street Food Culture: 10 Must-Try Korean Street FoodThe hype of the Hallyu culture especially focused on Korean pop groups and idols has landed its way even in our own country, Philippines, wherein almost everyone is familiar with the term oppa which is used by many as a term of endearment for a cute guy, even if hes not Korean. Aside from this, South Korea has a lot more to offer, and I was a witness to them when I went there a few months ago.As a foodie myself, one part of the Korean culture that I am most captivated with is their street food culture, not much similar with our own street food, but still, I can say that I am deeply in love with both. The busy streets and bustling alleys of Myeongdong and Dongdaemun have led me to my most diverse and most adventurous food trip yet. So here are 10 South Korean street food that you should taste, most of them are already served in Korean fast food and restaurants in the Philippines.1. Chapchae. Not to lambast the uniqueness of this Korean street food, but Chapchae or Japchae seems similar to the Filipino pancit. This common party food in Korea is composed of stir-fried glass noodles mixed with vegetables. The name comes from the words jap which means mix and chae which means vegetable. 2. Korean pancake. In Korea, it is called Buchimgae, the general term for any pan-fried ingredients soaked in egg or a batter mixed with other ingredients. They also have the Pajeon which is a Korean scallion pancake mixed can be mixed with carrots, mushroom, zucchini, and other vegetables. It is a typical appetizer or a side dish in a Korean meal. The usual Korean pancake is a savory take on the common sweet pancake we usually encounter.3. Sweet Korean pancake. This is similar to the pancake we are familiar with, and is calle Hotteok in Korean. It is usually crispy outside while the inside is filled with sweet gooey sugar syrup on the outside. For someone which has a sweet tooth, this next level sweetness take on the common pancake is indeed a must-try.4. Gyoza. This is more of a Japanese food than a Korean food, but the Koreans have their own fried dumplings which they call Mandu. Gyoza, in Japan, is their version of the dumplings which can be served either steamed or fried. The Korean version Mandu is similar which is stuffed with a mixture of meat and/or vegetables. It is often prepared by families as part of their Korean Lunar New Year festivities, and is considered a symbol of good luck for the coming year.5. Fresh-picked strawberries. With fresh strawberries considered part of the Korean street food culture, it was as if I missed our very own Baguio when I went to South Korea. These red berries can be seen neatly wrapped in transparent packages. There is also a popular Korean street food called DdaliGi (strawberry) SaTang (hard candy) which is made from fresh strawberries coated with melted sugar.6. Takoyaki. This is commonly known as a Japanese snack, but it is called Odeng in South Korea. It is a ball-shaped snack made out of a wheat flour-based batter and is cooked in a molded pan. The mixture is composed of minced or diced octopus, tempura scraps, pickled ginger, and green onion. This street food has already made its way to different food establishments in the Philippines, but having a taste of the Takoyaki in South Korea made the experience a little better and exotic. 7. Chicken Karaage. The Japanese also have their own twist of the famous fried chicken, the Chicken Karaage, which is also a part of South Korean street food culture. The fried chicken is made by marinating small pieces of chicken in sake, soy sauce, ginger, and garlic before coating them in potato starch. Aside from the rich flavor from spices, whats great with the Chicken Karaage is its bite-size pieces which you can easily munch, and from then on, you already cant resist having more.8. Strawberry Moji. Another Japanses food which made it to the Korean street food scene is the Strawberry Moji/Mochi which is basically strawberry inside a soft and chewy mochi. Sweet red bean paste can also be seen inside the mochi which balanced the sweet-sour taste of strawberry and the blandness of the mochi.9. Bibimbap. This is one of the most famous Korean food in the Philippines aside from the celebrated Samgyupsal and Kimchi. The word Bibimbap means mixed rice, and it is served in a bowl with warm white rice topped with sautà ©ed and spiced vegetables, chili pepper paste, soy sauce, and soybean paste. What completes this amazing dish is a raw or fried egg and sliced meat (usually beef). Mixing all of these is a must.10. Chili Ricecake (Tteok-Bokki). Among everything in this list, the Tteok-Bokki is one of my personal favorite, and is the most famous street food in South Korea. It is made of white cylinder-shaped rice cakes, fish cakes, with a spicy chili paste-based sauce. This is commonly sold in snack bars and street stalls in South Korea. You can see this in every food carts there. Exploring into the streets of South Korea to taste the food they offer somehow gave me a glimpse of what South Korean street food culture is, and how powerful food is in spreading and influencing ones culture and tradition. Food tell different stories as it can be seen how the South Koreans adapt Japanese food, and incorporate it in their own set of street food. Now, with the fast-paced integration of nations and cultures, the future of the Philippines and South Korea will not just be based on the usual Korean pop culture, but also with the Korean food gradually seeping into our own food establishments in the country.

Social Informatics Forum Discussion Write-Up

Question: Discuss about theSocial Informatics Forum Discussion Write-Up. Answer: Introduction The roles of the designers, implementers and developers cannot be under looked in the implementation of the ICT projects. McDonald (2010) raises issues that are of great concern to the entire ecosystem of information and communication technology. The ruling on the court case gives a clear view of the law concerning the handling of information. It is a clearly stipulates the roles of the designer developer and the implementer. In the case, the content developer is responsible for the content while the provider of the ICT infrastructure is not responsible for the content that they are channeling to the intended audience. In Myschool, the designers had clear goals to reach. First, they wanted to provide a platform to compare the students academic abilities based on the exams done. The students backgrounds were considered in ranking the students. It also seeks to compare schools performances for the good of the community. Their job was well done. On the other hand, the developers have also done an excellent job in creating the platform itself. The website has not had any technical hitches and ran smoothly. Further, the implementers have created and submitted the content as planned. However, there has been the conflict arising due to the unforeseen effects of the content. The conflict affects the designers and implementers of the project. While it has successfully been able to rank the schools and students as well as promoting transparency, the project has had its undesired consequences. Some of the highlighted issues that the system has created include increasing the levels of anxiety of the students. The students performance will certainly be affected by the stress. Further, the system has been blamed to shames brought upon the schools and students that are not performing well. The unforeseen consequences have varied widely. The Australian government designed the digitized Census process and implemented it (ABS, 2016). In this project, the designers, developers, and implementers work seamlessly to together to achieve their goals. In the case of census fiasco 2016, there seemed to be a conflict in the roles played by the various individuals. The team developing the website failed to set up high-security features too. The reports of hacking created a crisis, and the implementers had to shut it down in several instances. The incident shows the negligence on the part of developers. However, the real hacking threat was on keeping the security of the citizens details. The reported problem was the purported huge number of citizens trying to access the system at the same time. This is according to Ried J (2016). Week 5 Forum Discussion Innovation in todays world cannot be ignored. Several organizations are competing against one another to provide products and services to their consumers. To keep up with the demands, there has been a need to continually innovate. The role of designers cannot be underrated in the current century. A creative designer will be able to capture the market demands. Working in a team would ensure that more participatory undertaking is achieved (Torres et.al. 2012) An organization cannot survive without a vibrant workforce that can design and implement the projects. Leadership is an important aspect of the life of a designer. This simply means that a designer must be able to inspire others to innovate. According to Tim, (TED, 2009), design is a human aspect that primarily has to tackle the challenges people face. A difficulty now should be an opportunity for the designer to offer their leadership skills, innovating and create a solution to the problem. Where there are no needs, the designer will not be able to make an impact on the life of the people. He points out further that the needs once integrated with the innovation in technology and economics will certainly be an impact. It is, therefore, important to understand the culture and lifestyle of the people in need. The design thinking in the present involves several issues, but the right questions must be asked. Unlike the past, a designer should be able to learn by making. It is true that prototypes always make the design process faster (Brown, 2009). Innovates will be able to cover a broad range of factors before they finally create the final product. This is a fundamental approach that applies across the generations of designers. However, today, the designer should be able to incorporate the position and views of everyone. This is giving everyone a chance to participate. With this approach, more values can be created. On top of gaining the proceeds regarding money, the people will be able to own the product or service because they were given a chance to participate in the design process. Another important aspect of the participatory approach is that it takes the power off the hands of the designer onto the hands of the final users. It is important that the final product can have a life beyon d what the designer had in mind. The designer should also focus on the systems in place. These systems should help navigate the challenges as well as streamlining the system where possible. A designer should apply this approach to be able to anticipate the consequences whether desired or not desired. According to Brown and Wyatt, design thinking brings new ways to address the challenges available. The designer should explore the new opportunities in technology and the economy to create tools that bring change. Changes come along with new choices. This calls for the designer to create new ideas, expand their view on things and be able to ask the right questions. Week 6 Forum Discussion The broad steps to a transformative design include gaining an understanding of the problems and the current practices of an organization. Several agencies face different challenges today. There are new challenges as well as new ways of preparation that have been put in place. The broad steps to a transformation design are as follows. First, a transformative design success lies in understanding these and being able to address the problems with new methods of practice. The second step would be to create a new approach to issues. This is done through prototyping and barnstorming on the matters at hand. A desirable end product would be the ability to maintain a longer engagement with the clients. The third step would be to seek new transformative designs. Transformative design advocate for the observation of the processes so as to come up with new desirable ones. Organizations should be able to conduct prototypes and evaluate their usefulness. A fail should not discourage them, but a continuous monitoring of the situations will eventually lead to success. Lastly, the designer should embrace new approaches available. Traditional methods can be hard to surpass because of the practical as well as some psychological barriers. The approach should be able to create exciting opportunities for the designers to embrace it. Most services can be transformed. This is because of the following. First, most problems are manmade and will require manmade solutions. To a designer, a problem will present an opportunity to create a solution as well as putting their skills into work. Secondly, most services can be transformed because of the availability of the will and resources to do it. The services will ultimately improve the lives of people. However, several challenges face the designer in transforming the service delivery. First are the cultural differences across the world. The challenge here is that no one type of the provision of services can match the requirements of the whole population. This calls for a lot of resources to be deployed to provide the service for the people. Resources are scarce, and this poses a challenge to the designers. Another practical challenge to service delivery is being able to communicate the impact and value of the design. Where people do not see the potential of the design, the product will be difficult to sell to the people. The designer must, therefore, have excellent communication skills to successfully put across the message (Burns et. al, 2006). A radical approach to service delivery will be possible when the organizations can break down the small details that are of most importance to the consumers. This should be considered because the consumers will always seek ways that solve their problems in detail as opposed to a general solution. The right job app is a good example of the radical approach. This is because it is designed to fit into the lives of the users. They identify with it the app is likely to help solve the joblessness. The primary concerns of gamification would be that it may not fit into the lives of other people. As mentioned previously, people have different cultures; not every product will fit into their way of doing things. References Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2016, July 22). The 2016 Census: Making a difference to all of Australia. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/MediaRealesesByCatalogue/247F0127852AB4 ABCA257FF70080BDC7?OpenDocument Brown, T. and Wyatt, J., 2015. Design thinking for social innovation.Annual Review of PolicyDesign,3(1), pp.1-10. Brown, T., 2009. Change by design. Burns, C., Cottam, H., Vanstone, C. and Winhall, J., 2006. Transformation design.RED paper,2. McDonaldC. (2010). Raising the stakes in the content debate.pp 41-42 Retrieved from https://www.canberra.edu.au/researchrepository/items/0d8caf04-bec6-141b-70d6- 353453a9a96c/1/ RiedJ. (2016, August 10). Census: 'Hacking a deliberate attack on Australia'. Retrieved from https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/national/2016/08/10/census-hacking-deliberate-attack/ TED, (2009). Tim Brown urges Designers to think Big. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAinLaT42xY [Accessed 24 Sep. 2016]. Torrente Barber, P., Salanova Soria, M., Llorens Gumbau, S. and Schaufeli, W.B., 2012. Teams make it work: How team work engagement mediates between social resources and performance in teams.

Using the Guitar Concert Essay Sample

Using the Guitar Concert Essay SampleIf you are enrolled in a university, think about using the Guitar Concert Essay Sample. This is a great way to find out how to write a good essay in college and this can help you do well on any test you are taking. You can get guidance and ideas from the company as well.The company will give you information on how to get started with your career in the music industry by using their service. You can use the sample to help you in writing your own free musical composition and essays that will help you make it in the music business.The sample can also be used as a resource for the projects that you can take when you have to write an assignment or paper. Students will find these samples useful because they will have some ideas to work with. By using the samples you will have a general idea of what the idea is and what you are going to do with it.What you do with this sample is up to you. You can either use it to create music for the company or you can use it to help you improve your grades. That is why it is important that you do some research on your own to find out if the sample is right for you. By getting advice from the company, you will get a good idea of how well the company can help you in a particular area.With the samples, you will find that you can add and subtract your own details to help you write better. You can use the samples to help you set up your materials, to find inspiration for the topic, and to have better ideas about what to write about.The company will give you all the resources you need to create the sample. They will show you how to organize the information and will give you information on creating and learning from them. It will give you some ideas for where to start from and what you should write about.There are many things that you can get from the sample that you can use. You can find information about how to think about the topic that you want to write about and what types of topics you can write a bout. This is helpful if you are going to be writing a paper about one particular subject or have to write about something that has been around for years.Use the sample to help you focus on the information you need. They will show you how to organize the information and provide you with information on how to have a good time while writing. As you can see, the company has many resources to offer and they are not all limited to one type of topic.

Documentary Analysis Sharkwater Essay Example

Documentary Analysis: Sharkwater Paper Rob Stewart in 2007, is a documentary that portrays the highly misapprehension of the Shark specie. Stewart interviews several different Individuals ranging from individuals on the street or people associated with companies or campaigns. His intentions for the documentary were good; he sought to Inform the audience of Sharks and how harmless and significant they really are. The thesis of Shareware is that Sharks are more endangered than dangerous. Throughout the documentary Stewart uses a series of shots to appeal to emotion as ell as Interviews that show the misunderstanding of sharks. Shareware will change the way people view sharks and the ocean. It will open their eyes And, hopefully, their hearts. Christopher Chin, Deeper Blue. Blue The documentary starts out with old raw footage of Sharks In the past and how they were portrayed followed up with statistics and Information on Sharks that dispute the representation. Stewart grabs our attention quickly with the footage because we all grew up understanding that sharks are one of the most dangerous species on Earth then he hits us with tactics like that elephants on average kill more humans than sharks, sharks only kill five people a year compared to the thousands that occur due to road rage. The dynamic facts presented in this documentary are eye opening, for instance the fact that Sharks were here before Dinosaurs is utterly surprising. We will write a custom essay sample on Documentary Analysis: Sharkwater specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Documentary Analysis: Sharkwater specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Documentary Analysis: Sharkwater specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Most of what we know about Sharks comes from the media when in reality sharks are not a threat to human society and only attack when they feel threatened or in danger. Every year, 100 people die from wasp or bee stings, yet hundreds of millions of people go swimming, ND sharks kill only about five people. Only about 25 sharks have been known to actually attack people till this day. And what is compelling about these interesting statistics, out of all the people a shark attacks, more than 90% of them survive. The Marjorie of all shark bites are superficial. With this evidence in mind that sharks arent as dangerous as they are portrayed, they have become one of the most extinct species in todays world. During his expedition, Rob Stewart encountered Greenback leading activist Paul Watson where they go across the seas in attempt to save Sharks. Over the past 30 years Sharks have lost about 90 percent of their species. The leading reason for Shark extinction? The ignorance of human beings. To this date, 30 to 70 million sharks are killed yearly by humans to support a billion dollar Industry called shark finding Sharks are becoming extinct due to the large increase In shark finding. Shark finding refers to the removal and retention of shark fins and the discard at sea of the carcass. The shark Is most often still alive when It Is tossed back Into the water. Unable to swim, the shark slowly sinks toward the bottom where It Is eaten alive by other fish. Shark finding Is widespread, and largely unmanaged and unmonitored. Shark fin Is a popular delicacy In Salsa especially China, where It Is usually served In shark fin soup weddings, business dinners, and other celebrations. Shark fin soup can cost up to $120 per bowl. The Illegal finding of sharks resort from the large profit It succumbs. Shark telling Is the second biggest profitable Illegal way to make money only behind drug trafficking. Sharks fins are used In soup internationally as it is a symbol of wealth. One pound of dried shark fin can retail for quinine used to fin sharks stems from a process called long lining. Long lining fishing is taking a large fishing line usually filled with infotainment that stretches anywhere from a mile to 62 miles long and attaching it with hundreds of baiting hooks. Once captured, the crew cuts off their fins and dumps the rest of the animal back into the ocean, often still alive and unable to swim. Shark finding is illegal in many countries but still it continues to occur. And there is no regulation that protects sharks so they will continue to go endangered until society does something about it.

Sukarno essays

Sukarno essays History is always written by the survivors. That ensured that Sukarnos name was erased from the public record for many years by the chroniclers of the man who replaced him. But no Indonesian would ever forget that it was Sukarno who played the key role in winning freedom from the Dutch becoming in 1945, the first president of the newly independent republic. Sukarno was born on the 6th of June 1901 in the city of Surabaya in Eastern Java. He was the only son of Raden Sukemi, a poor Javanese school teacher, and his Balinese wife, Ida Njoman Rai. His original name was Kusnasosro but after a series of illness, he was given a new and, it was hoped, a more promising and fulfilling name, Sukarno. His childhood playmates called him Djago (Cock Champion) for his looks, spirit and prowess. As an adult he was best known as Bung Karno (brother), the revolutionary hero and architect of independence. Despite the humble origins of his family, there was enough money to send Sukarno to various schools set up by the Dutch colonial Administration in the Netherlands East Indies, as Indonesia was then called. His upbringing was privileged. Any one who made it into the Dutch education system was well above the common rank. Young men like Sukarno were brought to be partners of the Dutch in creating a modern East Indies. In 1927 in Bandung where he got his degree in civil engineering he decided that his future lies in oratory and politics not in architecture. Sukarno had been increasingly involve in National Politics since his teen when he was boarded in the house of Tjokroaminoto, a leading nationalists politician. Tjokroaminito treated him as his own son, financed his further education and at the age of 20 married him off to his own 16 year old daughter, Siti Utari. By 1926 Sukarno had been married twice, after divorcing Siti Utari, he married Inggit Garnasih. Though permitte...

Scenes from the life of St. John the Baptist by B. Giovianni Essay

Scenes from the life of St. John the Baptist by B. Giovianni - Essay Example The paper tells that Giovanni depicts a stage on which a life of St. John is being portrayed.   He makes the artifice of the theatre painstakingly clear from the transition from an Italian tiled floor to a backdrop painting of grasslands, as well as the depiction of a character on the far left of the painting not standing in front of the backdrop.   The illusion of reality is further simultaneously created and broken by the use of perspective in the painting.   The perspective used on the floor is inconsistent with the one used in the backdrop, giving the impression that the backdrop is flat and two dimensional while the stage is three dimensional with a great deal of depth, which is what one would experience viewing a stage with a painted backdrop.   The characters on the left, however, all continue growing smaller in the distance at the same rate and on the same imagined plane, with the group of three and an infant in the foreground appearing realistically larger than the g roup of three with the kneeling woman in the mid-ground and the group of three with the animal and the infant on the backdrop.   This unity of character combines with the disunity of floor perspective to remind the viewer that they are looking at a piece of art of a piece of art, forcing their attention on the artifice of construction.   All this works to remind the viewer to interpret all art as art, rather than connecting it overly with reality or other kinds of truth.

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Human resource management - Essay Example The participants in the organization will be particularly asked for the pay increase which would satisfy them the most. Then based on the feedback the management could arrive at a decision which would at most satisfy the majority of the employees. This is very vital because this way JVA Crop can save hundreds of thousands of dollars by holding back the talent that is working at present for the company. In addition to this performance of the same persons can be increased and thus the company’s goals can be achieved easily (Katkowski et al, 2002). If the employee feels that his present position at the company will benefit them personally then it is obvious that production activity of the company increases and also such staff is far less probable to look for employment elsewhere Mitra et al. (1997). Also Lagging Indicator and Leading Indicator mode of appraisal will be introduced. This means that the lag performance of an employee will indicate the achievements of the employee for a particular period after which his performance will be evaluated and he will be rewarded or punished accordingly. Lead Indicator is an activity which indicates the supposed to-be-done activity for his goals to be achieved (Transparent HR processeshttp: //www.infosys.com/HCM/case-studies/telenet-case-study.asp retrieved on 4th October 2009). The entire above said mode can be effectively applied to JVA Corp to bring the organization back on the track where it was before the terrorist attack of 2001. Not only this, the company will be benefited and will be able to retain its present employees who are star performers. Katkowski, D. A., Medsker, G. J., Pritchard, K. H. (2002). Literature review of â€Å"acceptable† or â€Å"just noticeable different† pay increases. Poster presented at the 17th annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, April, 2002, Toronto,

Father of the Year Essay Example for Free

Father of the Year Essay Many people in Maycomb County , Alabama gathered to watch Atticus Finch defend Tom Robinson , a black man. The odds were already against Tom Robinson and Atticus because Tom Robinson was black and Mayella Ewell was white. Tom Robinson is being accused raping Mayella Ewell in her own home when he was suppose to be helping her with some work. Mayella told Tom Robinson to â€Å" †¦ come here, nigger, and bust up this chifferobe for me, I gotta nickel you. † According to her after she asked him to bust up the chifferobe tree he attempted to rape her. Before Atticus Finch even had a chance to question Mayella , she burst out in tears. She burst into tear when the judge simply said â€Å"Just tell us what happened†. At the stand Mayella was a nervous break down. Within the first few questions that Atticus asked her she freaked out because she thought that Atticus was â€Å"mockin† her. Atticus was only being polite by calling her maam and Ms. Mayella , and Mayella seemed to just take in offense. During the questioning by Atticus , Mayella kept her same story, that Tom Robinson raped her. She seemed to be unsure about that story mid-way through the questioning. Actually some of her responses to Atticuss questions didnt make sense or she wouldnt respond at all. She told the court room that Tom Robinson hit her with his left hand on the right side of her face, even though his left Crises in Maycomb By: Kevon McClary hand is paralyzed from an accident that accord while he was a child. The odd thing is that Mayella father, Bob Ewell , is left handed and was allegedly at the crime after the â€Å"rape† occurred. Throughout most of her questioning Mayella seemed as if she was confused. Mayella once stated â€Å" No, I dont recollect if he hit me. I mean yes I do, he hit me†. Mayella not speaking clearly during the questioning may lead the jury to think that she is lying about her story. [ In the picture above you will see Atticus Finch questioning Mayella Ewell. ] The last couple of questions that Atticus was asking Mayella , Mayella seemed to be getting angrier by the question. There was absolutely nothing that Mayella Ewell could be getting mad about. If I was in the jury , Mayella getting aggravated, nervous, and crying that would somewhat lead to me believing the she was lying about the whole thing. Mayella really seemed to be enraged when she said her finale statement , â€Å"That nigger yonder took advantage of me an if you fine fancy gentlemen dont wanta do nothin about it then youre all yellow stinkin cowards, stinkin cowards, the lot of you. Your fancy airs dont come to nothinyour maamin and Miss Mayellerin dont come to nothin, Mr. Finch. † My opinion of this trial is that Tom Robinson is innocent. From Mayella freaking out , to the obvious evidence that points out Tom Robinsons innocent. I think that Mayella Ewell is a great person, just raised by the wrong father. In a way it seems like all of Mayella answers were what Bob Ewell wanted her to say . She knows the truth behind it all , whether she wants to tell it or not. Its already obvious to the jury and the courtroom that tom Robinson is innocent. But the only thing is that Tom Robinson is an African American male whose word is not as important as the white man or even the white woman.

Implementing Uniforms In School is The Right Thing To Do Essay

The argument whether uniforms should be allowed in school has been debated over the last few decades. Implementing a uniform policy within schools would help reduce the rise of violent crimes. In today's high schools, too many innocent youths become fatalities due to gang warfare that has spread into the school system. Many parents feel that if a uniform policy was implemented the spread of gang warfare and the idea children have to have name brand clothing would decrease drastically. However others are worried that this policy would infringe on students First Amendment rights. Yet there are other parents that all worried that the uniforms will cost too much. In the following essay these issues will be addressed. Proponents of uniforms argue that the widespread violence in schools is due largely to the gangs. They believe that the distinctive gang colors and symbols are used to intimidate non-gang members and reinforce gang allegiance. Gang members are often found wearing clothing with professional sports teams logos on them. The clothing is often stolen from local stores or from other children. Children who where this kind of clothing to so only because they like it or it is in style. Jim Steinberg of the San Francisco Examiner believes that," They have become a fashion statement and sometimes a gang statement." (1) This is why so many parents want the schools to go to a mandatory uniform policy. Many parents believe that if children wore uniforms, the violence in schools would drop drastically. Long Beach unified school district was the first large urban school district in the United States to implement a mandatory uniform policy. " In 1994, the Long Beach unified school district in California became the nation's fi... ... down from one child to another. By doing this they would come out ahead in the long run. The controversy whether to implement the uniform policy has gone on for quite a few years now. Both sides of the argument give compelling reasons why or why not the policy should be implemented. But with the rise in the violent crimes in the school system, I feel that it’s his time to protect our children and implement it. If we do not do it now, America's children will grow up knowing only violence. They will not know what it's like to live a life without fear. So if you have a chance to implement the uniform policy; do it. Bibliography: Works Cited â€Å"Dressed For Survival.† The Economist 3 Sept. 1994: A32 Dyson, Sen. Roy. â€Å" Do You Favor Mandatory Uniforms In The Public Schools?† 12 July 1996. Online Posting. Southern Maryland Online. 04 Mar. 1999

Cybercrime Awarness Essay

In today’s cyber world in which everyone is dependent on computers and Internet cybercrime is a growing concern since it costs individuals and companies billions of dollars each year. This paper is researching the awareness of people regarding cybercrime and its effects. It is being researched because the awareness itself and the knowledge on the matter are requirements for stopping cybercrime, considering the effects of no action. Research showed that although the majority is aware of the dangers that cybercrime poses they are mostly not willing to do much, except the basic steps, to protect themselves from it. They are leaving the door open for cybercriminals to step in. Introduction This project focuses on the dangers of cybercrime and the awareness and knowledge of individuals regarding it. In addition to finding out how much and what people know about cybercrime raw data regarding cybercrime subtypes is presented. Cybercrime Cybercrime is most commonly defined as crime in which computers and Internet are used for illegal activities such as fraud, trafficking, stealing of identities, violating privacy and many others (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010). Due to the widespread use of computers and Internet in today’s society, cybercrime has become largest growing type of criminal activity around the world (British Broadcasting Corporation, n. d. ). According to the Computer Crime Research Center (2004) cybercrime is most commonly divided into three categories (a) cybercrime against persons, (b) cybercrime against property or (c) cybercrime against government. First type of cybercrime, the one done to people consists of crimes such as different kinds of harassments, child pornography distribution, basically everything done to people with the use of computers and Internet (Parishat, 2004). One of many examples of cybercrime against persons was the famous â€Å"Melissa Virus† (CERT, 1999) which attacked over 1 million computers in the United States and Europe through Microsoft Word program. Melissa was engineered as a macro virus that attacks Microsoft Word 97 and 2000 and Microsoft Outlook and then sending the virus to other people through the outlook address book (tech target, 2011). Furthermore, it has the possibility to cripple mailing systems of corporations as it did with Microsoft. Second type of cybercrime named above is the one against any and all types of property (Parishat, 2004). Furthermore, property cybercrime is most often the destruction of other people’s property either through damaging programs or through acts of vandalism, sabotage and industrial espionage. Third and the last category are crimes towards government (Parishat, 2004). According to Parishat, Internet is often used to wage threats towards governments and citizens. Furthermore, most common type of cybercrime against government is hacking government or military websites. Types of cybercrime acts will be explained in more detail in the following pages. Spam. Usual definition of spam (iskon, n. d. ) would be that it is an unwanted and unasked electronic mail, which is usually sent to large number of recipients. Increasing numbers of internet users report spam problems on their email accounts, which is why more and more online internet providers offer protection against spam in form of spam filters and various features that can block unwanted mail (Spamlaws, 2009). Spam is so annoying that a survey in Australia showed that spam mail is on 15th place of things that annoy Australians the most (Anonymous, 2010). A study conducted by joint forces of University of California, Berkeley and the University of California, San Diego show that spammers can earn millions of dollars per year just by sending spam mail (British Broadcasting Corporation, 2008). Moreover, they concluded that although spammers receive answer on approximately every 12th million mail they send they still earn a significant amount depending on the size of their spam network. Spam has risen to such levels that individuals now pose as companies and send out spam mail that can damage the company’s reputation (HT Media, 2010). Most spam mail is just advertising and as such is harmless, but some spam messages are part of more severe internet frauds such as identity theft or any other common internet fraud (Microsoft, n. d. ) File sharing and piracy. The word piracy has greatly changed its meaning compared to what it used to stand for in the past. Today when we say piracy we do not mean on pirates who attack other ships and settlements, rather we think of people who are duplicating the work of others and selling it for their personal gain without the permission of the owner (The Indian Music Industry, 2010). Companies and governments are trying to fight the piracy by encouraging consumers to use legal means of acquisition of movies, music and other work typically targeted by pirates (Pichevin, 2010). Moreover, they are implementing laws that are supposed to prevent piracy, but people have started taking piracy for granted and do not hesitate to do it on daily basis thinking it is not a crime, and this costing the industry millions of dollars. Internet fraud. According to Australian Federal Police, â€Å"the term ‘online fraud’ refers to any type of fraud scheme that uses email, websites, chat rooms or message boards to present fraudulent solicitations to prospective victims, to conduct fraudulent transactions† (Australian Federal Police, 2010). In today’s time of computers and internet many scams are circling the World Wide Web (National Fraud Information Ceneter, n. d. ). Moreover, old phone and mail frauds that used to circle the world are doing the same again, but this time on the internet, and to such extent that it is becoming hard to tell the difference between genuine online sellers and scammers, who just want to take our money. Child pornography. One of the first applications of the internet that strived for profit was pornography (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010). Although legal, pornography has a criminal element to its name and that is child pornography. That element has grown to such extent that experts say it has became a business that earns around 3 billion dollars a year. Also as such child pornography is hard to track on the internet due to the fact that there are still many countries with inadequate cybercrime laws in place. Providers of child pornography use the internet to sell it to pedophiles, who in addition of buying child pornography also use the internet to lure children into ngaging in illegal sexual activities (Law Library, 2010). Moreover, one of the difficulties in stopping child pornography is that it is done over the internet, meaning it is on global scale, and law enforcement officials all around the world have to cooperate in stopping the offenders. Hacking. In the early days of the internet hacking was no more than a practical joke, but today hacking has completely other meaning and it is considered a severe transgress ion of the law (British Broadcasting Corporation, n. d. ). Furthermore, hackers today prove their worth and skills to other hackers by attacking computer systems of big multinational corporations and even governments. Moreover, they plant their viruses which can then cause severe damage, for example the â€Å"love-bug† virus which hit over forty million computers in the world and managed to cause billions of dollars in damages. Today hackers often compromise computer systems of banks and other business in order to steal money or some valuable information which they can later sell on the black market (British Broadcasting Corporation, n. . ). Furthermore, in a survey taken by the Computer Security Institute 90% of companies in the survey said that they have experienced security breaches in their systems in the last year, while 74% claimed to lose money because of these security breaches. The total bill was over 260 millions of dollars. Moreover, almost 80% of the companies know that their employees tend to exploit the internet for pers onal gain, during their working hours, and approximately the same percentage of companies has detected signs of viruses in their systems I the last year. Today there are even websites where people can learn how to become a hacker and improve their hacking skills (hackthissite. org, 2010). Identity theft. Probably the most famous type of cybercrime is the identity theft or the theft of personal information of people (techterms, 2011). Identity theft doesn’t only refer to theft over internet, but on any type of illegal obtaining of personal data (department of justice, n. d. ). There are two ways of gathering information over the internet and they are phishing and pharming (techterms, 2011). Phishing is a type of internet fraud in which fake emails are used to gather information. Furthermore, it is important to say that people fall on this kind of scams because they appear to be legitimate and from legitimate websites. While phishing lures users to fake sites, pharming redirects internet users to fake websites without their knowledge. Moreover, unlike phishing pharming has the possibility to hit more users at the same time. Furthermore, when users are redirected to fake websites either by phishing or pharming they are asked for their personal information which criminals can use to steal their identity. Through identity theft criminals can severely damage people whose identity they have taken (department of justice, n. d. ). Furthermore, they do financial damage through credit card debt, loans, etc. in addition to the reputation of the victims that suffers as well. It is important to mention that first offenders who ruined many lives usually walked free due to lack of laws against identity theft. First laws against identity theft were not made until 1998. According to Federal Trade Commission approximately 9 million Americans become victims of identity theft, and that is just on yearly basis (Federal Trade Commission, n. . ) Intellectual property. According to World Intellectual Property Organization (n. d. ) intellectual property is work of mind including literary and art work, different inventions, names, symbols images and designs. According to Law Library America (2010) intellectual property theft is a theft of copyrighted materials and other company’s trade secrets. Most common intellectual properties that are stolen online are software, movies and music, and games. Furthermore, trade secrets such as plans, designs, different kind of policies and procedures, even recopies are also stolen. Moreover, companies or individuals counterfeit brands of products and sell them as the real deal which they are not. Intellectual property theft can affect the entire economy, because hackers and pirates contribute to losses of millions of dollars. Furthermore, with appearance of computers intellectual property theft has become easier than ever since companies have everything on computer files which are easy to break in. Moreover, pirated secrets are sold to other companies that use them to stay in the race or to get insight on how their competition operates etc. dditionally article states that that intellectual property criminals have very low cost of operation due to the fact they do not make any sales in person, they don’t have to travel anywhere outside their homes and their profits are rather high. According to Mills (2009) theft of information and other cybercrimes have cost businesses on global level around $1 trillion just in last year. Furthermore, she claims that bus iness in developing countries and third world countries spend more money on protecting their intellectual property then western countries do. Industrial espionage. Industrial espionage appeared as a by-product of the fast technological progress, it reflects the attempts of businesses to acquire secrets of the trade from their competition and use it for their personal gain (Encyclopedia Britannica, n. d. ) Moreover, industrial espionage is not always as dramatic as it sounds; it can be as simple as checking prices of competition. Furthermore, trade secrets could e exposed through disgruntle employees who might seek revenge against their company and give away sensible information to its competitors. In addition some employees are lured by other companies with promises of better salary and work conditions just so that employee gives them secrets of their competition. A very recent example of industrial espionage happened in Renault, where their project with Nissan in developing a battery-powered car was involved in industrial espionage affair (Haase, 2011). Furthermore, the article states that top Renault managers might be involved in the case, but Renault is still unsure as to who might had breached their security protocols and gained access to the information. Another example of industrial espionage, but on more global level, is the WikiLeaks, who published great number of secret documents on the Afghan and Iraq war to the general public (Greenberg, 2010) Furthermore, that breach of secret information is the biggest one in military history and according to the founder of WikiLeaks Julian Assange it is just the beginning. Moreover, he claims that he possess a trove of yet to be published documents about private sector in the US that could bring down major US bank. However, he says that this information will be published in 2011 upon gathering more information, so it remains to be seen what will happen. According to Smole (2004) industrial espionage is becoming easier with technological progress. It is relatively easy to listen in and record someone’s mobile phone records; all you need to do is switch phone batteries. Furthermore, technology is so advanced today that eavesdropping and theft are growing problem for companies today. Further in the article it is stated that 60% of members of the Institute of Directors (IOD) have been victims of theft. Every medal has two sides, so does this one, it provides handful of opportunities for security companies to step in and offer their services in protecting other companies. According to Smole’s article listening devices were found at around 5% of companies, in UK, that seek protection and security checks. Moreover, another commercial advantage of industrial espionage is that in the UK alone ? 10milion worth of listening devices has been sold, so that is nice business for companies selling those devices. It is important to add that nowadays information is vital to success on the market and brings companies needed edge over competition. However, article also states that there are even some partially legal companies in the business of providing espionage services for other companies. Companies who manage to discover that their confidential information has been compromised usually take legal efforts to stop further loss of trade secrets (Encyclopedia Britannica, n. d. ). Furthermore, law regulated consequences for companies responsible of industrial espionage range from injunctions for use of knowledge acquired through illegal ways to fining for damages, depending on the severances of the crime. Today industrial espionage is so widespread it is not just in the movies we watch, but it is a real threat to ethics of business (Smale, 2004). According to Symantec Company (2010), one of the leading world companies in protection against cybercrime, around two thirds of Internet users in the world have been victims of cybercrime. Furthermore, they claim that majority of people who become victims of cybercrime blame themselves for becoming victims of such act. Moreover, majority of victims state that they do not plan on changing their behavior and large portion never even reports the crime to the authorities. Researching awareness is very important, because awareness directly influences prevention of cybercrime. Methods Primary research part of this project consists of a survey, which was administrated online with the use of survey monkey an online survey tool. According to Trochim (2006) survey is one of the most valuable research methods. In this case survey was chosen due to time constraints and the fact it can give the needed information from greater number of respondents. Survey targeted all ACMT students and faculty total of them 500, of which ne hundred responded to the survey. Respondents were all literate and educated enough, with no language barrier and surprisingly cooperative. The survey was created on January 21, 2011 and it consisted of sixteen closed-ended questions that would take no more than five minutes to answer. Goal behind such short survey was for the respondents not to lose interest towards the end and answer all questions. Survey was designed to test the general k nowledge and awareness of the audience. A sample of the self-administrated online survey can be seen in Appendix B. Survey Questions Question 1. Please identify your gender. This first question was posed in order to gather background information about the sample audience, to see what percentages of respondents were male and what percentage were female. Question 2. Please select your age group. This question also served to gather additional data about the sample audience, to see what percentages of respondents belong to which of the four offered age groups. Question 3. How much time do you spend in front of a computer on daily basis? This question was designed to see how much time respondents spend in front of their computers in order to investigate if there are any connections between the amount of time spent in such manner and knowledge about cybercrime issues. Question 4. For what purposes do you use computers and Internet? This question was designed to see for what purposes respondents use computers and the Internet, is it purely for business and education or they use it for personal purposes as well. Question 5. Do you use Internet for any of the following? This question is closely related to the previous question. It was designed to check for exactly what personal or business purposes the sample audience uses Internet. From the data gathered it was possible to draw conclusions on how advanced is their usage of Internet possibilities and do they use it to full potential or just capture small portion of its possibilities. Question 6. Have you ever experienced problems with any of the following? This question was designed to see with what kind of Internet attacks respondents most often suffer from. Whether they are from viruses, spyware or hackers themselves. Question 7. What types of cybercrime can you name? This was the only question that was open-ended, but the respondents were required to name only cybercrime types they know. Regrettably the survey tool used is such that it is possible for respondents to skip questions and this question might be skipped by some. Question 8. Do you feel that you are protected enough against cybercrime? This question was designed to detect the general level of protection of respondents against cybercrime. To test if they feel vulnerable against cybercrime or they think they are protected enough against it. Question 9. Do you use any program to protect your Internet browsing? This question was posed to see if the sample audience is aware of the Internet threats and use programs specifically designed to protect them while they are online. It doesn’t test what program exactly they use but it just tests the general usage of such programs that protect its users from unwanted viruses and spyware. Question 10. Has your PC ever been infected by a virus that damaged its components or stored data? This question is somewhat connected to the previous question. It was designed to test if the sample audience ever came under attack from viruses that damaged their computers hardware or software and corrupted data. It does not measure what was damaged in the process or excess of the damages, just the occurrence of the attack; did it ever happen or not. Question 11. Have you ever been a victim of identity theft? This question was designed to see if any of the sample audience has ever been a victim of an identity theft fraud. It does not test the severity of the fraud or its depth and damages to the respondent only the occurrence of such action. Question 12. Do you know anyone who suffered from identity theft? This question completes the previous one; it provides additional information about identity theft. It was presumed that only few respondents suffered from identity theft I used this additional question to gather more information. Reasoning behind this was that some of the respondents at least know someone who suffered from identity theft. Question 13. Have you ever downloaded any material from the Internet without paying for it? This question was used as a control question, posed in order to check validity of answers to other related items. Reasoning was that everyone has at some point in time downloaded something from the Internet without paying for it, especially in this time when downloading torrents are all present. Question 14. Have you ever felt that your computer has been hacked? Hacking is one of more serious types of cybercrimes and it causes billions of dollars in damages each year. This question serves the purpose of gathering information on hacking attacks on any of the respondents in the survey. Although it is highly probable that a lot of the answers will be negative, since hackers rarely attack individuals due to low profit possibilities, it is possible to get relevant feedback from the data gathered Question 15. Have you ever sent spam mail? This item is a pretty straightforward question regarding spam mail. It was designed to test if anyone from sample audience sent some spam mail, e. g. if they forward popular junk mail on social networks, company mails etc. Question 16. Have you ever stolen someone else’s work? (Intellectual property) This question was posed as another control question, to check validity of answers to other related items. Did they ever steal someone else’s work, or take credit for something they did not do. Results Due to the limitations of the online tool used for the survey only one hundred people could respond to the internet survey. The survey was available online from January 21, 2011 until the February 3, 2011. This means that about 20% of all ACMT students and faculty responded to the online survey. Only ACMT members and staff had the opportunity to take part in the survey. For questions consult the Methods part of this project. Graphical representation of the results can be seen in Figures 1 through 15. Survey Results Response to question 1. Data gathered by the first item shows that 59 respondents or 59 % of the respondents were female and 41 respondents or 41% of the respondents were male. It needs to be noted that one must assume, when gathering the data by an internet-administered survey, that none of the respondents would feel the need to misrepresent themselves since they were given the option to remain completely anonymous. Response to question 2. As was to be expected, due to the fact that most of the population was consisted of students attending ACMT 83 people or 83% of respondents answered that they are between ages of 18 to 25. On the same question nine other people or 9% of respondents answered that they are between ages of 26 to 35, additionally four people or 4% of respondents answered that they are between ages of 36 to 45. Last four respondents or 4% of respondents answered that they are between ages of 46 to 70. Response to question 3. On this question none of the respondents answered that they spend less than 30 minutes on their computers on daily basis. On the other hand five people or 5% of respondents said that they spend somewhere between 30 and 59 minutes on their computers on daily basis; 22 people or 22% of respondents said that they spend one to two hours in front of their computers on daily basis. Majority of respondents or 37 of them or 37% of respondents claims that they spend somewhere between two to four hours on their computers on daily basis. Large portion of respondents or 36 of them or 36% of total sample audience answered that they spend more than four hours in front of their computers on daily basis. Response to question 4. When answering this question three respondents or 3% of respondents claimed that they use Internet only for personal purposes; five of them or 5% of respondents answered that they use Internet for business and educational purposes. Majority of respondents 92 of them or 92% of respondents say that they use Internet for both personal and business/education purposes. Response to question 5. On this multiple choice question 38 respondents or 38 % of respondents answered that online banking is one of the things they use Internet for; 40 respondents or 40% of respondents answered that they use Internet for online shopping. Almost all of them or 98 or more precisely 98% of respondents use Internet for research and information gathering. E-mailing is another thing for which 98 people from the survey or 98% of respondents uses Internet for; 65 respondents or 65% of sample audience claim that they use Internet for work. This question also had the option â€Å"other† providing the respondents with the possibility to write down additional things that they use the Internet for, which were not available among the offered options. Response to question 6. This was also a multiple choice question on which 95 people or 95% of respondents answered that they had problems with viruses; on the same question 53 people or 53% of respondents answered that they had problems with spyware. Only 20 people or 20% of respondents answered that they had problems with hackers. Response to question 7. This open-ended question offered a possibility for the respondents to name any of the cybercrime types they know or heard of. Some of the examples they named were spam, identity theft, hacking, data theft, piracy, financial fraud, child pornography, credit card frauds etc. Some people, not few of them, listed Trojan as cybercrime which is just a type of virus. Response to question 8. The data gathered shows that only 33 respondents or 33% of the sample feels protected enough against cybercrime. Majority of the respondents, 67 or 67% don’t feel protected enough against cybercrime. Response to question 9. Majority of respondents 83 of them or 83% of total sample respondents answered that they use some kind of a program to protect them while they browse the Internet. Much smaller number or only 17 of them or 17% of total sample respondents don’t use any program to protect their Internet browsing and thus are exposed to cybercrime. Response to question 10. The data gathered shows that 66 respondents or 66% of the sample stated that they have experienced a virus that either damaged their computer’s components or data stored on it. On the other hand 34 people or 34% of the sample audience claims that they never experienced situation such as that. Response to question 11. Only six people or 6% of the sample responded positively on this question and answered that they have been victim of some sort of identity theft. Majority of people 94 of them or 94% of the sample have never been victims of identity theft. Response to question 12. Data gathered shows that 50 respondents or 50% of the sample said that they know someone who has been a victim of identity theft. Same number of respondents answered that they didn’t know anyone who has been a victim of identity theft. Response to question 13. A vast majority of respondents 94 of them or 94% of the sample audience responded positively and said that they have downloaded materials from Internet without paying for it. Only small portion of six people or 6% of respondents said that they have never downloaded any material from the Internet without paying for it. Response to question 14. In this question 31 people or 31% of respondents said that they have felt hacked at some point in time; 69 people or 69% of respondents said that they have never felt hacked before. Response to question 15. Only 16 people or 16% of respondents answered that they have sent spam mail at some point in time. Majority of respondents 84 of them or 84% of respondents answered that they have never sent any spam mail. Response to question 16. On this question 12 people or 12% of all respondents answered positively and admitted of stealing someone else’s work. Majority of respondents 88 of them or 88% of respondents said that they have never stolen someone else’s work. Discussion The goal behind the research was to test the hypothesis that most of the people, although they spend a great deal of time on their computers, are not aware of the dangers of cybercrime which often makes them victims and offenders as well when they download material. Research was conducted on sample group consisting of students, faculty and staff members at ACMT. Data gathered through survey administration confirmed the thesis based on literature review, that public is not aware of all the dangers that cybercrime poses and the general lack of effort in dealing with it. Research conducted proved that in academic settings people are bound to spend more and more time on the Internet, often unaware of the dangers. Majority of respondents, while using the Internet for either personal or business needs, have at some point in time, encountered viruses or spyware that attacked their computer and put their data at risk. Whether they know any specific details of those cybercrimes or not, the survey did not test, rather it tested only if the sample audience is familiar with any cybercrime type. They could have experienced some of those cybercrimes on their own skin or just hear about them somewhere. To test their specific knowledge on each cybercrime subgroup more time was need and possibly another primary research type such as and in depth interview which could give more data but would also take much more time to answer, which was not possible with current time constraints. Even though one could doubt the depth of their knowledge of cybercrime issues, based on the survey results analysis, they obviously are aware of the fact that is stressed throughout professional literature reviewed for the purposes of this project, the fact that there is no program r measure that could completely protect against all types of cybercrime. Only thing that might protect us is raising awareness about cybercrime and the ways it works and the prevention strategies. To inform people about scams cybercriminals use, to help companies defend their data and accounts from intrusions, whether they are from an outside or an inside source. As it was previously mentioned one way to help protect your data and Internet browsing are antivirus and antispyware programs. Those programs detect intrusions in the system and block or delete them and report back to the user. As research showed many individuals and companies use not only those programs but also seek additional ways of protection in form of firewalls etc. Firewalls in big companies are commonly built by IT experts who design the whole systems for companies trying to make the system unbreakable for all kind of intrusions, since today everything is stored on company servers. This is additionally confirmed by survey results – even though more than 50% of respondents claimed to have antivirus protection their computer was attacked by viruses that corrupted their data. Like mentioned before cybercrime has far worse aspects to it than just viruses and spyware. Some types of cybercrime such as identity theft can completely ruin lives of individuals and all around them. People can get completely ruined by it. Someone else passing as you is always terrible, let alone when that person has all of your personal information from social security number to access to all of your bank accounts etc. Luckily survey results showed that it is a rare occurrence in the academic settings in this part of the world, but one should be aware of the problems faced by people elsewhere. Increasing number of people is getting targeted by cybercriminals who are trying to steal their identities for their financial gain. Still, in analyzing survey results, it is quite important to stress possible factors that might influence the response rates, e. g. without knowing the extent of their knowledge on what identity theft is, there are two possible ways to interpret the low number of affirmative answers. On the one hand, it might be interpreted by the lack of knowledge of all the subcategories concerned, on the other it might simply be the fact that the target audience has not encountered with identity theft. As stated in the research many people today tend to use internet to download data without paying for it. Research shows that industries such as movie or music industry are losing millions of dollars because of illegal downloads of their products from torrents which do not pay royalties to authors for usage of their material (Pichevin, 2010). Vast majority of respondents to the survey said that they tend to download material from the internet without paying for it. Like in every question so in this one there is a margin for error. Respondents might have thought that this question relates to any material they download from the internet so that fact might influenced on such majority of affirmative answers. On the other hand this is Croatia where laws against piracy exist, but implementation of such is difficult so people feel free to download material from the internet without being afraid of any legal action or consequence (Ministry of Economy, Labor and entrepreneurship, 2009). Another subtype of cybercrime in which cybercriminals get into is intellectual property theft. From companies coping brands to individuals taking credit for something that is not their own work. As stated in research intellectual property theft has cost companies around the world around $1 trillion in 2008 a number that is growing with each coming year. Research showed that very small percentage of the sample audience admits committing identity theft. That fact might be due to some irrational fear of being made, which is absurd since it is an anonymous survey with no names. Also they might have misunderstood the question, or are not sure in what exactly falls under the category of intellectual property. Academic dishonesty, which is monitored and punished, is another view of intellectual property that ACMT has. Maybe the procedure implemented in academic honesty policy on ACMT influenced the answers given by the survey population. Examining the results of the online survey showed that the respondents, ACMT students and staff, are, to some extent, aware of the dangers of cybercrime. Although the sample audience that responded to the survey might not all be IT experts, although some might, or legal advisors for that matter they have showed an understanding of cybercrime. The background of their knowledge is unknown and untested, but nonetheless it’s there. Whether it is due to their high education or self education on the matter through the internet they have shown they know a thing or two about cybercrime. Although they show some knowledge about cybercrime it is superficial and that they do not completely comprehend the dangers and some of them as research showed think they are untouchable by cybercrime. Research states that general public needs to be more educated on the matter to create awareness and thus increase the level of protection. Education is especially important in business/educational surroundings.