Leslie Sponsels Approach to Investigation of the Amazon...

Leslie Sponsel takes a remarkably sensible approach to certain academic controversies over anthropological investigation of the Amazon Basin. To some degree, Sponsels article demands to be understood in a larger context within the overall ecosystem of academic anthropology, so to speak. As indicated in the title of her article, Sponsel approaches the subject with a special focus on adaptation, which necessarily implies changing conditions. As she notes in her introductory remarks: For convenience the review is organized around the following domains: ecosystem, cultural system, change, and research trends and needs. An ecosystem is composed of abiotic and biotic components which interact through the flow of energy, matter, and information, and all of this varies in space and time. (67) It is here that a reader in 2012 gets a glimpse of the much larger context. At the time of Sponsels writing in 1986, an ecological approach that included the flow of ¦information which varies in space and time appears remarkable prescient, considering that in the three decades that have passed since the articles original publication, Sponsels own culture has undergone a complete technological revolution in flow of ¦information: the Internet, the cellular telephone, the personal computer were all in their infancy. This may seem like a minor point, but it indicates the fundamental validity of Sponsels approach: the contentious battles over theory between anthropologists like

Sex Trafficking And The United States - 1405 Words

The International Labor Organization estimated that there were 4.5 million victims trapped in forced sexual exploitation, or sex trafficking, globally. Most would believe that this is a problem that does not occur in the United States, but they would be wrong. In 2007 alone, 14,588 sex trafficking cases were reported in the United States and the problem is only getting worse. This research paper will discuss multiple topics such as the definition of sex trafficking, recruitment and those at risk, where it occurs, organizations, consequences, a healthcare provider’s role and a study on the attitudes of the public. The objective is to bring light to this problem and educate those who are reading (Polaris Project, 2016). Two definitions that are important to the topic of sex trafficking are what sex trafficking is and what a commercial sex act is. Sex trafficking is defined as when someone uses force, fraud or coercion to cause a commercial sex act with an adult or causes a mino r to commit a commercial sex act. A commercial sex act is defined as prostitution, pornography and sexual performance done in exchange for any item of value, such as money, drugs, shelter, food or clothes (Shared Hope International, 2016). Sex trafficking is considered a form of modern slavery. Under federal law, anyone under the age of eighteen that is persuaded into a commercial sex act is considered a victim of sex trafficking, whether it was forced or not (Polaris Project, 2016). There are threeShow MoreRelatedSex Trafficking And The United States1672 Words   |  7 Pageshuman sex trafficking, they think of heinous acts that take place in other countries where adults, children, girls and boys are exploited to perform sexual acts in exchange for money or goods against their will. They think it typically occurs in places that are less developed than the United States. However, the reality of this horrific crime is that it is taking place in the United States, and it occurs mor e and more each and every day. Young girls are not solely the victim of human sex traffickingRead MoreSex Trafficking And The United States1158 Words   |  5 Pagesprominent problem in my hometown, which was Sex Trafficking (ST). Coming from Houston, Texas, Sex Trafficking is one of the major hubs in the United States. Houston’s main highway I - 10 is the main road used to travel these victims to state lines to get them out of the country. A better definition of sex trafficking is when someone uses force, fraud or coercion to cause a commercial sex act with an adult or cause a minor to commit a commercial sex act. A commercial sex act is a list of things known as prostitutionRead MoreSex Trafficking Within The United States1355 Words   |  6 PagesBetween 14,500 and 17,500 victims are trafficked into the United States annually, and often, the average age of entry is thirteen to fourteen years old (Hodge, 2008). One victim recalls that her pimp, a man who controls sex wor kers and keeps the earnings, would take her and two other girls from the ninth grade out of school during lunchtime, have them do calls, and bring them back. She explains, â€Å"He knew how to read each girl—this one likes to party, that one needs a job, this one wants drugs.† ByRead MoreSex Trafficking Throughout The United States2098 Words   |  9 PagesSex Trafficking Introduction: When looking for topics to research I wanted to do something that was a prominent problem in my hometown, which was Sex Trafficking (ST). Coming from Houston, Texas, Sex Trafficking has the 2nd largest home in Houston. The main highway I - 10 is the main road used to travel these victims to state lines to get them out of the country. A better definition of sex trafficking is when someone uses force, fraud or coercion to cause a commercial sex act with an adult or causeRead MoreDomestic Human Sex Trafficking in the United States1300 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Human Sex Trafficking in the United States Human sex trafficking and its sister category, Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking also referred to as DMST, (Kotrla,K. 2010) is the most common form of modern day slavery. In the United States there are an estimated 293,000 youth who fall under high risk factor or DMST (Walker-Rodriguez, A. Hill, R. 2011). Many men prey on the at risk youth to make a fortune for themselves. DMST exposes the youth to a life filled with violence, abuse that is bothRead MoreEssay on The New Slave: Sex Trafficking in America910 Words   |  4 PagesThe New Slaves: Sex Trafficking in America When most Americans hear the term ‘sex trafficking’ thoughts of helpless women and children in poor, developing, countries come to mind. However, most Americans would be downright shocked and dismayed to learn that many victims of sex trafficking reside right here in the United States. Moreover, many of the victims of sex trafficking in America were victimized by other Americans. This is a pressing national issue to which neither small, rural towns or largeRead MoreProstitution, The Act Of Prostitution1324 Words   |  6 Pages Prostitution, the act of â€Å"providing or receiving sexual acts, between a prostitute and a client, in exchange for money or some other form of remuneration† (Hock 557). The idea of exchanging sex for valuables has been seen since the beginning of human society; the first reported data about prostitution was reported around 3000 B.C.E in one of the first known civilizations, Mesopotamia (Caraboi and Fierbinteanu 362). Also, prostitution is often referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession.† TodayRead MoreVictims of Trafficking Protection Act Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesfeature to the VTVPA is that the United States will penalize countries if they do not comply with the VTVPA (Holman, 2009). This is an imperative feature and I think that it should be implemented throughout every single piece of legislation that deals with trafficking. Countries should be held accountable if they do not comply. The only way that sex trafficking can be officially over is if every single country complies with all the legislation. The United States looks at six different factors whenRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Sex Trafficking1199 Words   |  5 PagesChild Sex Trafficking Have you ever walked into Wal-Mart and taken the time to look at the numerous pictures of missing youth that is plastered on the wall? When looking at how long they have been missing, it ranges anywhere from months to years. Looking at their age, both boys and girls, it is hard not to wonder if these kids are being trafficked. Child sex trafficking, also known as human trafficking, is a major issue that is not only plaguing the United States, but the world. ResidingRead MoreSex Trafficking : A Common Issue For A Long Time1394 Words   |  6 Pages Sex trafficking can happen everywhere. People do not even realize when it is happening. Someone could be living their life, just as they normally do, and decided to go to the mall. Sometimes they may not even know that a little kid is going to be kidnapped, and later raped. This is what sex trafficking is. Sex trafficking is commonly defined as when violence, drugs, lies, or any other form of coercion is used to force another perso n to have sex against their will. (Sex Trafficking in the U.S, 1)

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Competence

The term linguistic competence refers to the unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language. Also known as grammatical competence or I-language.  Contrast with linguistic performance. As used by Noam Chomsky and other linguists, linguistic competence is not an evaluative term. Rather, it refers to the innate linguistic knowledge that allows a person to match sounds and meanings. In  Aspects of the Theory of Syntax  (1965), Chomsky wrote, We thus make a fundamental distinction between competence  (the speaker-hearers knowledge of his language) and performance  (the actual use of language in concrete situations). Examples and Observations Linguistic competence constitutes knowledge of language, but that knowledge is tacit, implicit. This means that people do not have conscious access to the principles and rules that govern the combination of sounds, words, and sentences; however, they do recognize when those rules and principles have been violated. . . . For example, when a person judges that the sentence John said that Jane helped himself is ungrammatical, it is because the person has tacit knowledge of the grammatical principle that reflexive pronouns must refer to an NP in the same clause. (Eva M. Fernandez and Helen Smith Cairns, Fundamentals of Psycholinguistics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Linguistic Competence and Linguistic Performance In [Noam] Chomskys theory, our linguistic competence is our unconscious knowledge of languages and is similar in some ways to [Ferdinand de] Saussures concept of langue, the organizing principles of a language. What we actually produce as utterances is similar to Saussures parole, and is called linguistic performance. The difference between linguistic competence and linguistic performance can be illustrated by slips of the tongue, such as noble tons of soil for noble sons of toil. Uttering such a slip doesnt mean that we dont know English but rather that weve simply made a mistake because we were tired, distracted, or whatever. Such errors also arent evidence that you are (assuming you are a native speaker) a poor English speaker or that you dont know English as well as someone else does. It means that linguistic performance is different from linguistic competence. When we say that someone is a better speaker than someone else (Martin Luther King, Jr., for example, was a terrific ora tor, much better than you might be), these judgements tell us about performance, not competence. Native speakers of a language, whether they are famous public speakers or not, dont know the language any better than any other speaker in terms of linguistic competence. (Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone. Wadsworth, 2010) Two language users may have the same program for carrying out specific tasks of production and recognition, but differ in their ability to apply it because of exogenous differences (such as short-term memory capacity). The two are accordingly equally language-competent but not necessarily equally adept at making use of their competence. The linguistic competence of a human being should accordingly be identified with that individuals internalized program for production and recognition. While many linguists would identify the study of this program with the study of performance rather than competence, it should be clear that this identification is mistaken since we have deliberately abstracted away from any consideration of what happens when a language user actually attempts to put the program to use. A major goal of the psychology of language is to construct a viable hypothesis as to the structure of this program . . .. (Michael B. Kac, Grammars and Grammaticality. John Benjamins, 1992)

Essay on The Enviromental Affects on Terrorism - 1121 Words

The Enviromental Affects on Terrorism The FBI defines three types of terrorists: (1) a leader with a strong commitment to their groups belief system; (2) an activist operator who often has a criminal background and implements their groups agenda; and (3) an idealist who finds a sense of purpose in his commitment to their group. (Kressel, 82) In the field of psychology, it is the psychologists duty to try to come up with theories or correlations, which help people group and identify terrorist or terroristic behavior, quickly and consistantly. There are many common assumptions about the common terrorist, but there are no true or definite catagories to place them in. A terrorist is formed by his environment either through ways of†¦show more content†¦Commercials suggest that drinking a certain beverage or using a particular hair shampoo will make us popular and win the admiration of attractive people. Depending upon the component processes involved, we try to model the behavior shown in the commercial and buy the product being advertised. By looking at Banduras Social Learning Theory as it relates to terrorists and their activity, it shows that if a person sees a terroristic attack on television and the controversy it causes and the so called fame that the terrorist recieves he or she may learn that behavior. Criminologist Edwin H. Sutherlands theory of Differential Association states that criminal behavior is leaned behavior and learned via social interaction. He based his theory upon the work of Shaw and McKay, Chicago school theorists. He drew upon three major theories from the Chicago School to formulate his theory. These included the ecological and cultural transmission theory, symbolic interactionism, and culture conflict. He explained varying crime rates by the culture conflict approach and the process by which individuals became criminal was expressed by the symbolic interactionism approach. These helped him form his theory with an attempt to explain not only indivudual cri minal behavior but also the behavior of societal groups, such as the Muslim Extremists. In his findings Sutherland came to the conclusion that patterns in associationShow MoreRelatedHow the Macroeconomic Environment of the Airline Industry Affects the Strategic Decision of Boing vs Airbus8450 Words   |  34 PagesChristian Uwagwuna How the Macroeconomic Environment of the Airline Industry Affects the Strategic Decision of Boing Vs Airbus A Case Study Document Nr. V170506 http://www.grin.com/ ISBN 978-3-640-89394-2 9 783640 893942 ‘Case Study – How the Macroeconomic Environment of the Airlines Industry Affects the Strategic Decision of Boeing Vs Airbus’ By Christian Uwagwuna Course: Strategic Management 27 January 2011 Executive Summary This paper discusses the external economic

Essay on William Shakespeares Authenticity - 3166 Words

William Shakespeares Authenticity Over the past several centuries, many scholars have been debating the authenticity of Shakespeare and his works. Many books have even been published questioning if the legendary playwright from Stratford is the author of his many plays and poems. This theory still remains as a possibility today and much of the evidence stems from Shakespeare’s great literary achievements, his humble beginnings, his inadequate education and the missing chapters in his life. Throughout his writings, there is evidence of similarities between the language and literature of the time period with subjects such as law, history, politics and geography as well as manners and knowledge of the courts which would†¦show more content†¦The day to day life of the author was ordinary. He was a hard-working, middle-class man that made good money and took care of his family. Such a basic lifestyle has led many to believe that this ordinary man could not have written these extremely passionate and thought-provoking works. No one surrounding Shakespeare ever commented on his greatness and that a man with such little education could not have known about the aristocratic nature of the upper class. However, some men such as Meres and Jonson did see him as a respectable gentleman and a talented writer. This argues the fact that a simple Stratford boy could have become a literary icon simply because of his genius and that his knowledge might not have been obtained in a school and wasn’t simply learned. His genius might have been applied by making accurate observations on everyday life. It is also important to remember that many great authors had even less schooling. Bacon, though, has been one of the candidates for the true authorship of Shakespeare’s works due to references made to the Bible, the law and other classics. In the 19th century, a search was conducted to find hidden messages within the text of the works. For example, in Love’s Labour’s Lost, the Latin word, ‘honorificabilitudinitatibus’ is actually an anagram for â€Å"Hi ludi F. Baconis nati tuiti orbi† which translates to, â€Å"These plays, the offspring of F.Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1696 Words   |  7 Pageswith references to William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet as a notable representation of genuine hetero love. This theory intends to dig all the more profoundly into the issues of affection and sexuality in the play and investigate its inconspicuous underlying topics of homoeroticism and hazardous heterosexuality through a dissection of the film adjustments of Romeo and Juliet from the re cent twentieth-century: Franco Zeffirelli‟s 1968 Romeo and Juliet and Baz Luhrmann‟s 1996 William Shakespeare s RomeoRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pageswith the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their love in the beginning borders upon a reality of maturity and immaturity, eventually becoming something of authenticity. Themes running throughout the play address the issues and consequences of immature blind passion, hatred, and prejudice. William Shakespeare was rumored to have been born on April 23 1564; however, the preciseRead More Colonial Canadian Shakespeare1530 Words   |  7 Pagesin relation to Canada’s colonial history. The Stratford Festival, whose mandate is to â€Å"produce, to the highest standards possible, the best works of theatre in the classical and contemporary repertoire, with 2 special emphasis on the works of William Shakespeare†, has become the place in Canada to see productions of Shakespeare. As Czarnecki notes in his essay, in a country such as Canada there are immense obstacles before the creation of â€Å"a national theatre accessible to audiences across theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare1735 Words   |  7 Pagesname? Would not a rose by any other name smell as sweet?† William Shakespeare, a name we have all heard at some point, but who is he? William Shakespeare, the man who has influenced our culture through his various literary works. What is the truth behind the brilliant man whom penned the renowned words filling the pages of the ever significant Romeo and Juliet, Much Ado About Nothing, or The Tempest? William Shakespeare was born William Shakspere. Aside from contemporary and popular belief, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Fraud1164 Words   |  5 PagesStratford upon Avon who had arguably the most significant influence on English literature and language. His works are still acclaimed to this day for their divine superiority, although debate has risen over the authenticity of his authorship. According to Dobson, reasons for doubting that William Shakespeare was in fact the author of his works include theories that he lacked the education, aristocratic awareness, or familiarity with the royal court that is said to be apparent in the works (Dobson, 2001Read MorePerfect Idealism In Shakespeares Hamlet1631 Words   |  7 Pagesdepicts the many uncertainties in our lives that sometimes make us fail to act appropriately like the case of Hamlet. 2. Mosley, Joseph Scott. The Dilemma of Shakespearean Sonship: An Analysis of Paternal Models of Authority and Filial Duty in Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Diss. 2017. Similarly, this article discusses the theme of the complexity of action. This play depicts of how at times the decision to act is usually influenced not only by coherent considerations, like the need for inevitability but alsoRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet And Franco Zeffireli s Film Version Of The Story1216 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Franco Zeffireli’s film version of the story are different in many ways, but the basic characters and basic plot remain the same. Franco Zeffirelli’s screenplay is an edited, re-vamped version of the original tragedy in which lines are cut and scenes are modified. Additionally, Zeffirelli modifies Shakespeare’s ghost scenes and uses narrative and film techniques to both create an overall suspenseful atmosphere and generate empathetic feelings towards Hamlet. TheRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Film Analysis1647 Words   |  7 PagesRomeo Juliet. Lehmann, Courtney. â€Å"Strictly Shakespeare? Dead Letters, Ghostly Fathers, and the Cultural Pathology of Authorship in Baz Luhrmann s ‘William Shakespeare s Romeo + Juliet.† Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 52, no. 2, 2001, pp. 189–221. Web. 22 May 2017. 1. In this article by Courtney Lehmann, She takes a close look at Baz Lurhmann’s William Shakespeare s Romeo + Juliet and discusses how exactly this film is classified as an early modern to postmodern adaption of Romeo Juliet. In thisRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Love Essay1160 Words   |  5 Pageshave. Additionally, there is also familial and neighborly love. However, as great as love is, the authenticity of it is what discombobulates many. Love may be the feeling that is life sustaining, but at the same time, it can also be life threatening. Humans are vulnerable to fall into an untruthful love due to the fact that we fantasize over the thought of being in love. Through William Shakespeare’s tragic play, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet,† a fabricated false love is manifested. Thus, the star crossed loversRead MoreHamlet And The Basic Human Need For Truth1478 Words   |  6 Pagessaying, â€Å"Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. Everything we see is a perspec tive, not the truth.† This idea is examined in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, a play full of warmly delivered lies and completely intentional deceit. Hamlet himself shows how a life full of lies and deceit breeds a desire for something real. In the beginning of the play, authenticity is introduced as a rare trait and the Ghost reveals treachery to Hamlet setting him on a path that leads to his demise. Hamlet’s actions

Street Food In South Korea Essay free essay sample

Exploring the South Korean Street Food Culture: 10 Must-Try Korean Street FoodThe hype of the Hallyu culture especially focused on Korean pop groups and idols has landed its way even in our own country, Philippines, wherein almost everyone is familiar with the term oppa which is used by many as a term of endearment for a cute guy, even if hes not Korean. Aside from this, South Korea has a lot more to offer, and I was a witness to them when I went there a few months ago.As a foodie myself, one part of the Korean culture that I am most captivated with is their street food culture, not much similar with our own street food, but still, I can say that I am deeply in love with both. The busy streets and bustling alleys of Myeongdong and Dongdaemun have led me to my most diverse and most adventurous food trip yet. So here are 10 South Korean street food that you should taste, most of them are already served in Korean fast food and restaurants in the Philippines.1. Chapchae. Not to lambast the uniqueness of this Korean street food, but Chapchae or Japchae seems similar to the Filipino pancit. This common party food in Korea is composed of stir-fried glass noodles mixed with vegetables. The name comes from the words jap which means mix and chae which means vegetable. 2. Korean pancake. In Korea, it is called Buchimgae, the general term for any pan-fried ingredients soaked in egg or a batter mixed with other ingredients. They also have the Pajeon which is a Korean scallion pancake mixed can be mixed with carrots, mushroom, zucchini, and other vegetables. It is a typical appetizer or a side dish in a Korean meal. The usual Korean pancake is a savory take on the common sweet pancake we usually encounter.3. Sweet Korean pancake. This is similar to the pancake we are familiar with, and is calle Hotteok in Korean. It is usually crispy outside while the inside is filled with sweet gooey sugar syrup on the outside. For someone which has a sweet tooth, this next level sweetness take on the common pancake is indeed a must-try.4. Gyoza. This is more of a Japanese food than a Korean food, but the Koreans have their own fried dumplings which they call Mandu. Gyoza, in Japan, is their version of the dumplings which can be served either steamed or fried. The Korean version Mandu is similar which is stuffed with a mixture of meat and/or vegetables. It is often prepared by families as part of their Korean Lunar New Year festivities, and is considered a symbol of good luck for the coming year.5. Fresh-picked strawberries. With fresh strawberries considered part of the Korean street food culture, it was as if I missed our very own Baguio when I went to South Korea. These red berries can be seen neatly wrapped in transparent packages. There is also a popular Korean street food called DdaliGi (strawberry) SaTang (hard candy) which is made from fresh strawberries coated with melted sugar.6. Takoyaki. This is commonly known as a Japanese snack, but it is called Odeng in South Korea. It is a ball-shaped snack made out of a wheat flour-based batter and is cooked in a molded pan. The mixture is composed of minced or diced octopus, tempura scraps, pickled ginger, and green onion. This street food has already made its way to different food establishments in the Philippines, but having a taste of the Takoyaki in South Korea made the experience a little better and exotic. 7. Chicken Karaage. The Japanese also have their own twist of the famous fried chicken, the Chicken Karaage, which is also a part of South Korean street food culture. The fried chicken is made by marinating small pieces of chicken in sake, soy sauce, ginger, and garlic before coating them in potato starch. Aside from the rich flavor from spices, whats great with the Chicken Karaage is its bite-size pieces which you can easily munch, and from then on, you already cant resist having more.8. Strawberry Moji. Another Japanses food which made it to the Korean street food scene is the Strawberry Moji/Mochi which is basically strawberry inside a soft and chewy mochi. Sweet red bean paste can also be seen inside the mochi which balanced the sweet-sour taste of strawberry and the blandness of the mochi.9. Bibimbap. This is one of the most famous Korean food in the Philippines aside from the celebrated Samgyupsal and Kimchi. The word Bibimbap means mixed rice, and it is served in a bowl with warm white rice topped with sautà ©ed and spiced vegetables, chili pepper paste, soy sauce, and soybean paste. What completes this amazing dish is a raw or fried egg and sliced meat (usually beef). Mixing all of these is a must.10. Chili Ricecake (Tteok-Bokki). Among everything in this list, the Tteok-Bokki is one of my personal favorite, and is the most famous street food in South Korea. It is made of white cylinder-shaped rice cakes, fish cakes, with a spicy chili paste-based sauce. This is commonly sold in snack bars and street stalls in South Korea. You can see this in every food carts there. Exploring into the streets of South Korea to taste the food they offer somehow gave me a glimpse of what South Korean street food culture is, and how powerful food is in spreading and influencing ones culture and tradition. Food tell different stories as it can be seen how the South Koreans adapt Japanese food, and incorporate it in their own set of street food. Now, with the fast-paced integration of nations and cultures, the future of the Philippines and South Korea will not just be based on the usual Korean pop culture, but also with the Korean food gradually seeping into our own food establishments in the country.

Social Informatics Forum Discussion Write-Up

Question: Discuss about theSocial Informatics Forum Discussion Write-Up. Answer: Introduction The roles of the designers, implementers and developers cannot be under looked in the implementation of the ICT projects. McDonald (2010) raises issues that are of great concern to the entire ecosystem of information and communication technology. The ruling on the court case gives a clear view of the law concerning the handling of information. It is a clearly stipulates the roles of the designer developer and the implementer. In the case, the content developer is responsible for the content while the provider of the ICT infrastructure is not responsible for the content that they are channeling to the intended audience. In Myschool, the designers had clear goals to reach. First, they wanted to provide a platform to compare the students academic abilities based on the exams done. The students backgrounds were considered in ranking the students. It also seeks to compare schools performances for the good of the community. Their job was well done. On the other hand, the developers have also done an excellent job in creating the platform itself. The website has not had any technical hitches and ran smoothly. Further, the implementers have created and submitted the content as planned. However, there has been the conflict arising due to the unforeseen effects of the content. The conflict affects the designers and implementers of the project. While it has successfully been able to rank the schools and students as well as promoting transparency, the project has had its undesired consequences. Some of the highlighted issues that the system has created include increasing the levels of anxiety of the students. The students performance will certainly be affected by the stress. Further, the system has been blamed to shames brought upon the schools and students that are not performing well. The unforeseen consequences have varied widely. The Australian government designed the digitized Census process and implemented it (ABS, 2016). In this project, the designers, developers, and implementers work seamlessly to together to achieve their goals. In the case of census fiasco 2016, there seemed to be a conflict in the roles played by the various individuals. The team developing the website failed to set up high-security features too. The reports of hacking created a crisis, and the implementers had to shut it down in several instances. The incident shows the negligence on the part of developers. However, the real hacking threat was on keeping the security of the citizens details. The reported problem was the purported huge number of citizens trying to access the system at the same time. This is according to Ried J (2016). Week 5 Forum Discussion Innovation in todays world cannot be ignored. Several organizations are competing against one another to provide products and services to their consumers. To keep up with the demands, there has been a need to continually innovate. The role of designers cannot be underrated in the current century. A creative designer will be able to capture the market demands. Working in a team would ensure that more participatory undertaking is achieved (Torres et.al. 2012) An organization cannot survive without a vibrant workforce that can design and implement the projects. Leadership is an important aspect of the life of a designer. This simply means that a designer must be able to inspire others to innovate. According to Tim, (TED, 2009), design is a human aspect that primarily has to tackle the challenges people face. A difficulty now should be an opportunity for the designer to offer their leadership skills, innovating and create a solution to the problem. Where there are no needs, the designer will not be able to make an impact on the life of the people. He points out further that the needs once integrated with the innovation in technology and economics will certainly be an impact. It is, therefore, important to understand the culture and lifestyle of the people in need. The design thinking in the present involves several issues, but the right questions must be asked. Unlike the past, a designer should be able to learn by making. It is true that prototypes always make the design process faster (Brown, 2009). Innovates will be able to cover a broad range of factors before they finally create the final product. This is a fundamental approach that applies across the generations of designers. However, today, the designer should be able to incorporate the position and views of everyone. This is giving everyone a chance to participate. With this approach, more values can be created. On top of gaining the proceeds regarding money, the people will be able to own the product or service because they were given a chance to participate in the design process. Another important aspect of the participatory approach is that it takes the power off the hands of the designer onto the hands of the final users. It is important that the final product can have a life beyon d what the designer had in mind. The designer should also focus on the systems in place. These systems should help navigate the challenges as well as streamlining the system where possible. A designer should apply this approach to be able to anticipate the consequences whether desired or not desired. According to Brown and Wyatt, design thinking brings new ways to address the challenges available. The designer should explore the new opportunities in technology and the economy to create tools that bring change. Changes come along with new choices. This calls for the designer to create new ideas, expand their view on things and be able to ask the right questions. Week 6 Forum Discussion The broad steps to a transformative design include gaining an understanding of the problems and the current practices of an organization. Several agencies face different challenges today. There are new challenges as well as new ways of preparation that have been put in place. The broad steps to a transformation design are as follows. First, a transformative design success lies in understanding these and being able to address the problems with new methods of practice. The second step would be to create a new approach to issues. This is done through prototyping and barnstorming on the matters at hand. A desirable end product would be the ability to maintain a longer engagement with the clients. The third step would be to seek new transformative designs. Transformative design advocate for the observation of the processes so as to come up with new desirable ones. Organizations should be able to conduct prototypes and evaluate their usefulness. A fail should not discourage them, but a continuous monitoring of the situations will eventually lead to success. Lastly, the designer should embrace new approaches available. Traditional methods can be hard to surpass because of the practical as well as some psychological barriers. The approach should be able to create exciting opportunities for the designers to embrace it. Most services can be transformed. This is because of the following. First, most problems are manmade and will require manmade solutions. To a designer, a problem will present an opportunity to create a solution as well as putting their skills into work. Secondly, most services can be transformed because of the availability of the will and resources to do it. The services will ultimately improve the lives of people. However, several challenges face the designer in transforming the service delivery. First are the cultural differences across the world. The challenge here is that no one type of the provision of services can match the requirements of the whole population. This calls for a lot of resources to be deployed to provide the service for the people. Resources are scarce, and this poses a challenge to the designers. Another practical challenge to service delivery is being able to communicate the impact and value of the design. Where people do not see the potential of the design, the product will be difficult to sell to the people. The designer must, therefore, have excellent communication skills to successfully put across the message (Burns et. al, 2006). A radical approach to service delivery will be possible when the organizations can break down the small details that are of most importance to the consumers. This should be considered because the consumers will always seek ways that solve their problems in detail as opposed to a general solution. The right job app is a good example of the radical approach. This is because it is designed to fit into the lives of the users. They identify with it the app is likely to help solve the joblessness. The primary concerns of gamification would be that it may not fit into the lives of other people. As mentioned previously, people have different cultures; not every product will fit into their way of doing things. References Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2016, July 22). The 2016 Census: Making a difference to all of Australia. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/MediaRealesesByCatalogue/247F0127852AB4 ABCA257FF70080BDC7?OpenDocument Brown, T. and Wyatt, J., 2015. Design thinking for social innovation.Annual Review of PolicyDesign,3(1), pp.1-10. Brown, T., 2009. Change by design. Burns, C., Cottam, H., Vanstone, C. and Winhall, J., 2006. Transformation design.RED paper,2. McDonaldC. (2010). Raising the stakes in the content debate.pp 41-42 Retrieved from https://www.canberra.edu.au/researchrepository/items/0d8caf04-bec6-141b-70d6- 353453a9a96c/1/ RiedJ. (2016, August 10). Census: 'Hacking a deliberate attack on Australia'. Retrieved from https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/national/2016/08/10/census-hacking-deliberate-attack/ TED, (2009). Tim Brown urges Designers to think Big. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAinLaT42xY [Accessed 24 Sep. 2016]. Torrente Barber, P., Salanova Soria, M., Llorens Gumbau, S. and Schaufeli, W.B., 2012. Teams make it work: How team work engagement mediates between social resources and performance in teams.